Introduction
Solar photovoltaic cells convert sunlight into electricity and many solar photovoltaic power Stationss have been built, chiefly in Europe. As of September 2010, the largest photovoltaic ( PV ) power workss in the universe are the Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant ( Canada, 80 MW ) , Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park ( Spain, 60A MW ) , the Strasskirchen Solar Park ( Germany, 54A MW ) , the Lieberose Photovoltaic Park ( Germany, 53A MW ) , the Puertollano Photovoltaic Park ( Spain, 50A MW ) , the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station ( Portugal, 46A MW ) , and the Waldpolenz Solar Park ( Germany, 40A MW ) . [ 1 ]
This proposal is for puting up a 50 MW ( 10 MW x 5 Phases ) capacity solar photovoltaic power works based on latest High Power Modules utilizing cells dwelling of Multi-Crystalline Silicon Technology / Tandem Junction Thin Film Technology, which has been successfully developed for commercial execution and has been presenting dependable power coevals around the universe for some old ages now. The solar photovoltaic power undertaking is proposed to be set up in Jodhpur territory of Rajasthan, India which is one of the best suitable locations in footings of higher one-year direct normal sunstroke ( DNI ) , favorable climatic conditions and land handiness Some photovoltaic power Stationss which are soon proposed will hold a capacity of 150A MW or more.
Many of these workss are integrated with agribusiness and some use advanced tracking systems that follow the Sun ‘s day-to-day way across the sky to bring forth more electricity than conventional fixed-mounted systems. There are no fuel costs or emanations during operation of the power Stationss.
Purpose
This proposal examines the techniques of undertaking direction used in development of a solar photovoltaic power works Project. The background of the undertaking will be described including its planning, Execution, Operation & A ; Maintenance and Financial analysis a undertaking ; critical success factors for the undertaking execution are identified showing an overview of undertaking construction, methods, hazards, etc.
Aims
The aims for the undertaking are the successful completion of solar photovoltaic power works, on budget, on clip and safely. The aims are besides to develop ‘world category ‘ undertaking direction best patterns within the solar industry.
Research Methodology
The PMBOK Guide states that undertakings are composed of two sorts of procedure: undertaking direction procedures and product-oriented procedures ( which specify and create the undertaking merchandise ) . Project direction procedures are farther divided into initiating, planning, executing, commanding and shutting procedures. This proposal chiefly concentrates on the nucleus processes of planning, executing and controlling.
The undertaking direction procedure groups depicted in figure 1 are originating, planning, put to deathing, monitoring and controlling, and shutting. Originating defines and authorizes the undertaking or a undertaking stage. Planing defines and refines aims and plans the class of action required to achieve the aims and range that the undertaking was undertaken to turn to. Executing integrates people and other resources to transport out the undertaking direction program for the undertaking. Monitoring and commanding regularly steps and proctors progress to place discrepancies from the undertaking direction program so that disciplinary action can be taken when necessary to run into project aims. Closing formalizes credence of the merchandise, service, or consequence and brings the undertaking or a undertaking stage to an orderly terminal. Figure illustrates the comparative deepness, comprehensiveness, and interrelatedness between these procedure groups.
Planing
Planing in organisations constitutes both the organisational procedure of making and keeping a program ; and the psychological procedure of believing about the activities required to make a coveted end on some graduated table. As such, it is a cardinal belongings of intelligent behavior. This thought procedure is indispensable to the creative activity and polish of a program or integrating of it with other programs. It combines prediction of developments with the readying of scenarios of how to respond to them. An of import albeit frequently ignored facet of planning, is the relationship it holds with prediction. Prediction can be described as foretelling what the hereafter will look like, whereas be aftering predicts what the hereafter should look like.
The above scenario is frequently used to depict the formal processs used in the creative activity of paperss, enterprise, diagrams, meetings to discourse the of import issues to be addressed, aims to be met and the scheme to be followed. Beyond this planning has a different significance depending on the political or economic context in which it is used.
There are 10 nucleus procedures:
range planning
range definition
activity definition
resource planning
activity sequencing
activity continuance gauging
cost estimating
agenda development
cost budgeting
10. Undertaking program development.
The end product from these procedures project programs makes up an input to the put to deathing procedures. A differentiation is made between the undertaking plans proper and the undertaking public presentation baselines.
Executing
Executing consists of the procedure used to finish the work defined in the undertaking direction program to carry through the undertaking ‘s demands. Execution procedure involves organizing people and resources every bit good as integration and executing the activities of the undertaking in conformity with the undertaking direction program. The deliverables are produced as end products from the procedures performed as defined in the undertaking direction program.
Executing Procedures
Undertaking Plan Execution – executing the activities
Complete Tasks/Work Packages
Information Distribution
Scope Verification – credence of undertaking range
Quality Assurance – measuring overall undertaking public presentation on a regular footing ; meeting criterions
Team Development – developing squad and single accomplishment sets to heighten the undertaking
Advancement Meetings
Monitoring and commanding
Monitoring and commanding consists of those procedures which have performed to detect project executing so that possible jobs can be identified in a timely mode and disciplinary action can be taken topographic point. When necessary to command the executing of the undertaking. The cardinal benefit is that undertaking public presentation is observed and measured on a regular basis to place discrepancies from the undertaking direction program.
Monitoring and Controlling includes:
Measuring the ongoing undertaking activities.
Monitoring the undertaking variables ( cost, attempt, range, etc. ) against the undertaking direction program and the undertaking public presentation baseline.
Identify disciplinary actions to turn to issues and hazards decently.
Influencing the factors that could besiege incorporate alteration control so merely approved alterations are implemented
This must be done in an incorporate mode at regular intervals, non in a haphazard, arbitrary manner. Any important goings from the budget and the agenda must be reported instantly, because these anomalousnesss affect the viability and the success of the full undertaking.
This will take to accommodating the undertaking agenda, budget and/or work program as necessary to maintain the undertaking on path. The undertaking advancement and alterations must be documented and communicated to the squad members in a consistent, dependable and appropriate mode for each degree of the undertaking squad.
Success standards for undertaking control
Use the undertaking program as the primary usher for co-ordinating your undertaking.
Systematically proctor and update the program.
Remember that quality communicating is a cardinal to command.
Monitor advancement on the undertaking against the program on a regular footing.
Get involved.
Adapt the undertaking agenda, budget and/or work program as necessary to maintain the undertaking on path.
Document undertaking advancement and alterations and pass on them to team members.
What monitoring should carry through?
Communicate undertaking position and alterations to other undertaking squad members
Inform direction ( and clients or clients ) about the position of the undertaking
Supply the justification for doing undertaking accommodations
Document current programs compared to the original undertaking program
Undertaking Performance must be measured on a regular basis to place the discrepancies from the program. Discrepancies are fed into control processes in the assorted cognition countries. To the extent the important Discrepancies are observed. Adjustments to the program are made by reiterating the appropriate undertaking be aftering procedure.
Undertaking studies should be:
clearly province the current position of the undertaking
compare existent accomplishments with the planned mark accomplishments
draw attending to critical issues
place jobs and propose solutions
advance effectual direction and control
Undertaking position studies
“ It is non merely a affair of maintaining the range from crawling, or a affair of finishing the cheapest and fastest undertaking ; it is set uping the appropriate Scope and presenting the commensurate merchandise, service, or consequence ” .
All the above procedures have been iteratively revealed/implemented during the Proposed Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant undertaking, which was revealed below.
Technology
The proposed works shall consist High Power Modules utilizing cells dwelling of Multi-Crystalline Silicon Technology / Tandem Junction Thin Film Technology. Efficiency is changing from 6 % – 18 % . Temperatures beyond 25oC have nominal consequence on the efficiency of the faculties. White Tempered Glass, EVA Resin and weather cogent evidence movie along with Al frame is used for drawn-out outdoor usage. Lead wire with conditions cogent evidence connection shall be used for end product terminus.
Both the engineerings are standalone type which needs no external power or H2O beginning and hence is most appropriate for desert part of Rajasthan. Small sum of processed H2O or compressed air is required merely for cleansing of the system.
Indicative range of work
Electrical
Supply, adjustment, repair of Solar PV Modules with appropriate faculty mounting constructions and frames including overall planning and design of the power works.
Supply and installing of Junction boxes of appropriate criterions with needed protection and isolation system.
Design, supply and installing of AC power conditioning units with all protections and commanding agreement as per specifications to acquire the coveted public presentation. Stringing monitoring and MPPT characteristics are included as per demands.
Interconnection of Solar faculties, PCUs, transformers LT & A ; HT sides, LT switchgear, etc with appropriate overseas telegrams and associated stuffs including supply of stuffs.
Design, industry, supply, installing, interconnectedness and interfacing of computing machine aided informations acquisition unit as per specification.
Supply, installing complete earthing as required for AC and DC power system, PCU, LT switchgear, Transformer, all metallic cells, HT switchgear with stuffs every bit required as per relevant criterions.
Supplying earth-mat and interconnectedness of array constructions with Earth cavities in the PV array pace.
Design, fiction, supply, installing of LT power interfacing panel to evacuate power to the grid through PCUs with appropriate capacity circuit surfs, isolators, indexs, metering agreement with picker switch, CTs, PTs, and copper bus-bars as per demand in complete.
Design, fiction, supply and installing of works monitoring desk to supervise the position of all major equipment ‘s through distant monitoring system including connexion to all major equipment ‘s and position to be monitored.
Supply of all other BOS parts e.g. overseas telegrams, electrical, etc as per the Bill of Material ( BOM ) which is non covered above.
Emergency DG Set 15 KVA with battery bank and battery courser.
Metering device.
Control Room and Others
Electrical wiring in the inverter room, control room and array pace with supply of overseas telegrams and wires, patchboards, switches, Junction Boxes, distribution boards for visible radiations, fans, exhaust fans, power points for both 5 Amps and 15 Amps.
Supply and installing of lightning arrestors for inverter room, control room as per relevant criterions.
Supply, adjustment and repair of CFL illuming fixtures, FL illuming fixtures, LED lighting fixtures for illuming indoor and out-of-door assorted installings including array pace with needed accoutrements.
Supplying of fire asphyxiator and sand pails following with national or international safety criterions.
Civil Works for solar Systems
Topographical study
Design and building of appropriate foundation base for keeping the faculty mounting construction with supply of all needed stuffs, digging, concreting, backfilling, shoring and shuttering, etc.
Construction of power works edifices including inverter suites, control room as required, office, canteen, etc.
Barbed wire fence of 3m tallness for complete power works and sub-station.
Cable trenches, drainage, etc.
Main gate, side Gatess and Security guard suites.
Erection and Installation of Power Evacuation Arrangement
Erection, supply, installing and commissioning of 50 0.415/33 KV measure up transformers and three 33/132 KV measure up transformers, 3 stage, 50 Hz, with associated switchgear comprising of circuit surfs, isolators, LT panels, CTs and PTs, etc including metering and protection like over-current, earth-fault, rearward power protection and controls, etc.
Other Fixed Assetss
Furniture for inverter suites, control room and administration/office.
Pantry equipment, alteration room cabinets, etc.
Shop racks and closets.
Standard Mechanical Maintenance tools.
Technology and Project Management
Design and Technology
Project Management and building supervising
Material Management
Insurance during the undertaking period.
Project execution agenda
Based on international patterns and technological promotions, it is estimated that first 10 MW capacity stage of the undertaking will be supplied, installed and commissioned from undertaking blessing and extra 40 MWp of the undertaking will be installed and commissioned in 60 months from undertaking blessing.
Executing
Executing consists of the procedures used to finish the work defined in the undertaking direction program to carry through the undertaking ‘s demands. Execution procedure involves organizing people and resources, every bit good as integration and executing the activities of the undertaking in conformity with the undertaking direction program. The deliverables are produced as end products from the procedures performed as defined in the undertaking direction program.
Entire undertaking shall be completed within 60 months in 5 ( five ) phases of 10 MW each from day of the month of countenance of the undertaking.
The faculties will be land mounted and tilted 27 grades to confront the Sun. The land climb will necessitate a level degree surface and will be set into concrete. The faculties will necessitate an country that is unshaded from the Sun. Any flora underneath the faculties will necessitate to be kept to a degree below that of the faculties in order to avoid shadowing. All the faculties will be at least 1.0m from the land. It is assumed that this is equal to maintain the faculties above the tallness of sand deposition at the site during sand storm.
Monitoring and commanding
Monitoring and commanding consists of those procedures performed to detect project executing so that possible jobs can be identified in a timely mode and disciplinary action can be taken, when necessary, to command the executing of the undertaking. The cardinal benefit is that undertaking public presentation is observed and measured on a regular basis to place discrepancies from the undertaking direction program.
Monitoring and Controlling includes:
Measuring the ongoing undertaking activities.
Monitoring the undertaking variables ( cost, attempt, range, etc. ) against the undertaking direction program and the undertaking public presentation baseline.
Identify disciplinary actions to turn to issues and hazards decently.
Influencing the factors that could besiege incorporate alteration control so merely approved alterations are implemented
In multi-phase undertakings, the monitoring and commanding procedure besides provides feedback between undertaking stages, in order to implement disciplinary or preventative actions to convey the undertaking into conformity with the undertaking direction program.
Operation and care
Whether a solar works performs good in the long term and remains technically available depends to a big extent on service and regular care. This shall be carried out by designated electrical experts in concurrence with technicians from the several constituent makers.
To maintain all constituents optimally available, an electronic informations treating unit in the solar power works will permanently gather and measure all relevant public presentation informations and possible mistake messages. Using target/actual comparing, informations from the power works shall be continually compared with informations from an on-site conditions station.
Possible mistakes shall be exactly located and instantly passed on via electronic mail, SMS or facsimile to the relevant service technicians. They can so, from their workplace, conduct mistake fix through online distant care.
Fiscal analysis
Assumptions & A ; estimations
The premises are made that providers will stay by the followers:
Provide Safe Working Condition
Consistency of Procedures
Adhere to Design Standards
Adhere to Standard Components
Follow the Model Agreements
The proposed Solar Photovoltaic Power Project is of 50 MWp capacity. Estimated cost of the undertaking is INR Rs. 17 Crores per MWp. ( 2.42 Million Pounds ) The entire undertaking cost is Rs. 850 Crores ( . Gross aggregative electricity coevals has been arrived at 83.22 million kWh per annum. The capacity use factor ( works burden factor ) is 19 % .
Undertaking cost break-up & A ; agencies of finance
Apart from machinery, installing and commissioning cost, involvement during building, fiscal establishment fees and margin money for working capital is portion of undertaking cost. Project fiscal analysis has been carried out sing debt equity ratio of 70:30. Interest rate at debt portion has been considered at 14.29 % .
Undertaking Deliverables
The undertaking deliverables are based on the completion of undertaking based on the followers:
On clip
On budget
No accidents
The fulfillment of original quality demands
Develop industry undertaking direction best patterns that are measureable and quotable
Operational terminal both in the short and long-run
Advantages
The 89 favored Wattss of sunshine making the Earth ‘s surface is plentiful – about 6,000 times more than the 15 terawatts equivalent of mean power consumed by worlds. Additionally, solar electric coevals has the highest power denseness ( planetary mean of 170 W/mA? ) among renewable energies.
Solar power is pollution-free during usage. Production end-wastes and emanations are manageable utilizing bing pollution controls. End-of-use recycling engineerings are under development.
PV installings can run for many old ages with small care or intercession after their initial set-up, so after the initial capital cost of constructing any solar power works, operating costs are highly low compared to bing power engineerings.
Solar electric coevals is economically superior where grid connexion or fuel conveyance is hard, dearly-won or impossible. Long-standing illustrations include orbiters, island communities, distant locations and ocean vass.
When grid-connected, solar electric coevals replaces some or all of the highest-cost electricity used during times of peak demand ( in most climatic parts ) . This can cut down grid burden, and can extinguish the demand for local battery power to supply for usage in times of darkness. These characteristics are enabled by net metering. Time-of-use net metering can be extremely favorable, but requires newer electronic metering, which may still be impractical for some users.
Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally therefore cut downing transmission/distribution losingss ( transmittal losingss in the US were about 7.2 % in 1995 ) .
Compared to fossil and atomic energy beginnings, really small research money has been invested in the development of solar cells, so there is considerable room for betterment. Nevertheless, experimental high efficiency solar cells already have efficiencies of over 40 % in instance of concentrating photovoltaic cells and efficiencies are quickly lifting while mass-production costs are quickly falling.
Disadvanges
Photovoltaic are dearly-won to put in. While the faculties are frequently warranted for upwards of 20 old ages, much of the investing in a home-mounted system may be lost if the home-owner moves and the purchaser puts less value on the system than the marketer.
Solar electricity is seen to be expensive.
Solar electricity is non produced at dark and is much reduced in cloudy conditions. Therefore, a storage or complementary power system is required.
Solar electricity production depends on the limited power denseness of the location ‘s sunstroke. Average day-to-day end product of a level home base aggregator at latitude joust in the immediate US is 3-7 kWs and on mean lower in Europe.
Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to AC ( utilizing a grid tie inverter ) when used in bing distribution grids. This incurs an energy loss of 4-12 % .
Time Scale
Duration/ Period
Task/ Milestone
Week 1 – 2 ( 01 – 14 Oct, 2010 )
Assemble common information through explore resources
Week 3 ( 15 Oct, 2010 )
Research Proposal Assignment 1
Week 3 – 4 ( 16 – 28 Oct, 2010 )
Organize meetings and haul out reappraisals
Week 5 – 7 ( 29 – 18 Nov, 2010 )
Gather and compile key Datas
Week 8 – 12 ( 19 Nov – 23 Dec. 2010 )
Lettering and treatment with supervisor
Week 12 – 13 ( 24 – 30 Dec, 2010 )
Reappraisal
Week 14 ( 31 – 5 Jan, 2011 )
Review and entries
