Quiz 2 test biology

Cidal

Static

Hypha (pl. hyphae)

Mycelium (plural–mycelia)

heterotroph

decomposer

Medical Conditions Caused by Fungi

Protist

Endosymbiosis

Major characteristics of protists

Apicomplexans

Diplomonads

parabasalids

Kinetoplastids

Loboseans

Protozoa: Nutrition

Algae: Nutrition

Protozoan infections are hard to fight because

Algae

Psychrophiles

Thermophiles

Hyperthermophiles

Mesophiles

facilitative anaerobe

obligate anaerobe

obligate aerobe

microaerophile

Aerotolerant Anaerobe

capnophile

acidophile

extremophile

halophile

autotroph

fastidious

Members of this group cause mycoses:
A. Algae
B. Fungi
C. Protozoa
D. Bacteria
E. Viruses

Members of this group cause malaria:
A. Fungi
B. Mastigophora
C. Dinoflagellates
D. Apicomplexa
E. Amoebae

If you see hyphae under the microscope, you are observing:
A. A worm
B. A gram positive bacterium
C. A virus
D. A fungus
E. A protozoan

A method that counts only live microbes is the
A) pure culture method.
B) plate count method.
C) cell counting method.
D) turbidity method.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Isolating a pure microbial culture from a mixed culture can be best accomplished by the
A) broth culture method.
B) streak plate method.
C) membrane filtration method.
D) multi-tube method.
E) None of these choices are correct.

The problem with using gelatin as a solidifying agent for microbiological media is that
A) many organisms can degrade gelatin.
B) gelatin may not remain solid at temperatures required for microbial growth.
C) gelatin is not stable during sterilization procedures.
D) gelatin liquefies at warm temperatures.
E) All of these choices are correct.

A microorganism isolated from the Arctic region would most likely be
A) a mesophile.
B) facultative.
C) a psychrophile.
D) extremophilic.
E) a psychrotroph.

A microorganism that grows in the presence of oxygen when it is available but can also grow without oxygen is
A) microaerophilic.
B) aerobic.
C) an aerotolerant anaerobe.
D) a facultative anaerobe.
E) None of these choices are correct.

When organisms use oxygen in aerobic respiration, helpful derivatives called reactive oxygen species form as by-products.
A) True
B) False

Organisms that require organic compounds for a carbon and energy source are called
A) chemolithoautotrophs.
B) chemoorganoheterotrophs.
C) mesotrophs.
D) psychrotrophs.
E) aerotrophs.

Cobalt, zinc, copper and manganese are examples of _____________________________.
A) major elements
B) trace elements
C) vital proteins to a cell
D) growth factors
E) None of the above.

An organism is cultured in media containing hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide as the only sources for energy and carbon. This would be
A) an enrichment media for chemoorganoheterotrophs.
B) a differential media for chemoorganoheterotrophs.
C) an enrichment media for chemolithoautotrophs.
D) a differential medium for photoheterotrophs.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Bacteria growing in log phase are least affected by antibiotics.
B) The generation time of bacteria may vary from species to species.
C) Bacteria divide by binary fission, producing two daughter cells.
D) Secondary metabolites are normally produced during late log phase.
E) In the lag phase, cells increase the number of ribosomes they contain.

Differential media contain an ingredient that certain microbes can change in a recognizable way.
A) True
B) False

When the number of cells in a culture increases exponentially, the phase of the culture cycle is termed
A) lag.
B) log.
C) stationary.
D) death.
E) prolonged decline.

The growth phase in which cells are adapting to new growth conditions is termed
A) lag.
B) log.
C) stationary.
D) death.
E) prolonged decline.

Selective media is used to isolate a specific organism or group of organisms.
A) True
B) False

A chemostat is used to
A) select for certain species of bacteria.
B) enrich the culture environment for certain species of bacteria.
C) maintain a bacterial culture in continuous exponential growth.
D) maintain bacterial cultures for future generations.
E) None of these choices are correct.

What are extracellular polymeric substances?
A) A method used for estimating the concentration of cells in a specimen.
B) A meshlike accumulation of polymers that give biofilms a slimy appearance.
C) A substance added to stock cultures to help maintain storage.
D) An ingredient used for complex media preparation.
E) A substance produced by halophiles when adapting to cold environments.

The Most Probable Number (MPN) method of determining cell numbers is based on
A) serial dilutions.
B) turbidity.
C) membrane filtration.
D) direct microscopic count.
E) cell-counting chamber.

The majority of bacterial infections are linked to biofilms.
A) True
B) False

During which phase(s) of culture growth are the number of newly formed cells approximately equal to the number of dying cells?
A) stationary
B) lag
C) log
D) stationary and lag
E) stationary and log

While many microbes are inhibited by high concentrations of salt, some can withstand or even require it. Which term would best be used to describe organisms that require approximately 2% of sodium chloride.
A) halotolerant.
B) halophiles.
C) extreme halophiles.
D) heterotrophs.
E) autotrophs.

A bacterial culture maintained under complete anaerobic conditions accidentally develops a leak allowing oxygen into the chamber. However, the bacteria continue to grow. The bacteria are most likely
A) thermophiles.
B) halophiles.
C) aerobic.
D) aerotolerant anaerobes.
E) microaerophilic.

A scientist wishes to monitor the growth and health of a bacterial culture by measuring ATP production. Which of the following would she most likely use to measure ATP?
A) a pH meter
B) luciferase
C) blood culture
D) an inverted tube culture
E) a visible light spectrophotometer

Tomato sauce has a pH of 5. A scientist isolates several types of bacteria that cause spoilage of tomato sauce. Which growth condition would be most appropriate to maintain these bacteria in culture?
A) acidic
B) alkaline
C) hyperosmotic
D) neutral pH
E) microaerobic

Bile is added to some media to encourage the growth of certain medically important bacteria while inhibiting the growth of others. Which of the following properties is bile adding to the media?
A) differential properties
B) anaerobic properties
C) selective properties
D) reducing properties
E) alkaline

A researcher is maintaining a liquid culture of bacteria at exponential growth. The pump providing nutrients to the culture breaks down for two days, allowing culture to run out of nutrients. It is very likely that upon return to the lab the researcher will find the culture in which of the following phases of growth?
A) continuous
B) log
C) lag
D) medium
E) stationary

If an antimicrobial agent is bacteriostatic,
A) complete killing of bacteria occurs with its use.
B) it will only inhibit the bacterial growth.
C) no viable organisms remain after its use.
D) it will kill only spores.
E) it will kill bacteria and inhibit fungi.

During the process of pasteurization, food is
A) decontaminated.
B) sterilized.
C) reduced in the number of organisms that can cause spoilage.
D) treated with germicides.
E) normally a long process.

The high-temperature-short-time method of treating foods
A) is a form of sterilization.
B) is a form of autoclaving.
C) kills all spores.
D) is a form of pasteurization.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Autoclaving uses ________ to sterilize.
A) chemicals
B) short periods of high temperature
C) steam and pressure
D) air mixed with steam
E) None of these choices are correct

A low-level disinfectant cannot kill
A) endospores.
B) enveloped viruses.
C) fungi.
D) all vegetative cells.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Ethylene oxide is a germicide that kills by reacting with
A) lipids.
B) RNA.
C) the cell wall.
D) proteins.
E) carbohydrates.

Hydrogen peroxide is an effective germicide because
A) it leaves no residue.
B) it does not damage stainless steel, rubber or glass.
C) it can be used on living tissue.
D) All of these choices are correct.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Dry heat is used to sterilize
A) inoculating loops.
B) glass pipettes.
C) agar media.
D) liquid media.
E) inoculating loops and glass pipettes.

Ionizing radiation kills microorganisms by
A) damaging DNA.
B) cytoplasmic membranes.
C) producing reactive oxygen species.
D) All of these choices are correct.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Which is mismatched?
A) Antiseptic–disinfectant that is non-toxic enough to be used on skin.
B) Germicide–kills bacteria and inactivates viruses.
C) Pasteurization–short heat treatment to kill disease-causing organisms.
D) Bacteriostatic–prevents growth of microorganisms.
E) Decontamination–kills all organisms.

The D value refers to
A) the chemical exposure time needed to kill all bacteria on a surface.
B) the exposure time it takes to kill a certain number of microorganisms.
C) the time required for 90% of the organisms to die under specific conditions.
D) how long it takes cells to die under a particular temperature.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Highly resistant microbes include:
A) naked viruses
B) Pseudomonas species
C) Protozoan cysts and oocysts
D) Mycobacterium species
E) All of these choices are correct.

Dirt and grease can interfere with the effectiveness of chemical disinfectants.
A) True
B) False

Which of the following is FALSE?
A) Pressurized steam is the only method of heat treatment that reliably kills endospores.
B) Aldehydes are useful in disinfecting living tissues.
C) Filtration cannot remove all viruses.
D) Ultraviolet radiation kills by damaging DNA.
E) High salt foods are preserved by reducing available water.

__________________________________________ are cationic detergents non-toxic enough to be used to disinfect food preparation surfaces.
A) Quaternary ammonium compounds
B) Phenolic compounds
C) Aqueous solutions of 60% to 80% ethyl or isopropyl alcohol
D) Biguanides
E) Halogens

Which of the following is FALSE concerning the commercial canning process?
A) It uses pressurized steam.
B) It uses a retort.
C) It tries to kill Clostridium botulinum spores.
D) It kills all spores.
E) Cans are heated and the air is exhausted from the can.

A sterile environment is free of microbes including endospores, viruses, and prions.
A) True
B) False

An aqueous solution of 60% isopropyl alcohol rapidly kills vegetative bacteria and fungi. This solution does NOT:
A) inactivate enveloped viruses.
B) evaporate easily from skin.
C) denature proteins.
D) kill endospores.
E) damage lipid membranes.

High level disinfectants reliably destroy all but
A) fungi.
B) mycobacteria.
C) naked viruses.
D) endospores.
E) enveloped viruses.

Surgical instruments and most microbiological media are sterilized through the process of
A) incineration.
B) exposure to radiation.
C) autoclaving.
D) poison gas exposure.
E) None of these choices are correct.

You are working in a government laboratory in charge of destroying bioterrorism materials. An envelope containing the spore-forming bacterium that causes anthrax must be safely destroyed. What would be the best method for ensuring that the organism is killed?
A) autoclave
B) dry heat
C) disinfectant
D) sanitizing spray
E) bleach soaking

You are taking a tour of a municipal water treatment plant. Your guide discusses that the water is sterilized before it is pumped as drinking water. What type of sterilization treatment should you expect to see on the tour?
A) glutaraldehyde treatment
B) iodine treatment
C) autoclaving
D) ethylene oxide percolation
E) ozone treatment

Which of the following best represents Joseph Lister’s contribution to modern surgical practices?
A) He invented phenolic sterilizing agents.
B) He found ways to reduce wound infections during surgery.
C) He identified a better way to suture surgical wounds.
D) He found a cure for the gangrene disease in surgical wounds.
E) He invented surgical dressing applied to wounds after surgery.

The sterilization of hospital waste before disposal is very expensive. So, hospital personnel are required to judge whether a waste needs to be sterilized before being disposed. Which would least likely need to be sterilized before disposal?
A) used needles
B) microbiology culture plates
C) blood samples
D) torn blood pressure cuffs
E) used endotracheal tubes

Low temperature storage is bacteriostatic to some bacteria and bactericidal to others.
A) True
B) False

Which of the following statements are true about algae? 1. They contain chlorophyll and are photosynthetic. 2. Some are single-celled, microscopic organisms, while others are large, multicellular organisms. 3. They possess an organized vascular system. 4. They reproduce asexually by fragmentation. 5. The toxins produced by some species can cause illness and even death in humans.
A) 1,2,3
B) 1,2,4
C) 1,2,4,5
D) 2,3,4,5
E) 1,2,3,4,5

Which organism is a mite that causes a disease characterized by an itchy rash?
A) Dermacentor andersoni.
B) Rickettsia rickettsii.
C) Borrelia burgdorferi.
D) Ixodes scapularis.
E) Sarcoptes scabiei.

The cell wall of most algae is composed of which of the following substances?
A) peptidoglycan
B) cellulose
C) chitin
D) holdfast
E) phospholipids

Which of the following algae produces neurotoxins that can be harmful to humans and has seriously affected the shellfish industry?
A) Trichinella
B) Ulva
C) Volvox
D) Gonyaulax
E) All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following statements about protozoa is FALSE?
A) They are microscopic.
B) They lack photosynthetic ability.
C) They are an important part of the food chain.
D) They are grouped primarily on their mode of locomotion
E) All of these are correct.

Which of the following structures are used by protozoa for locomotion? 1. pseudopodia; 2. axial filaments; 3. flagella; 4. cilia; 5. fimbria
A) 1.
B) 1,2,3.
C) 1,3,4.
D) 1,2,3,4.
E) 1,2,3,4,5.

The protozoan genus responsible for causing the disease malaria is
A) Trypanosoma
B) Plasmodium
C) Trichomonas
D) Entamoeba
E) Toxoplasma

Cellular Slime Molds form into a mass of cells called slugs when food has been depleted.
A) True
B) False

Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE?
A) They obtain their nourishment from organic compounds, often dead plants and animals.
B) Fungi are most successful in moist environments.
C) Many species cause disease in plants.
D) Fungi are not known to cause disease in humans.
E) None of these choices are correct.

What type of organisms does a mycologist study?
A) Mycobacterium
B) Mycoplasma
C) fungi
D) algae
E) protozoa

The frog population has declined over the past decade because of the fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
A) True
B) False

The term used to describe the single-celled form of fungi is
A) yeast.
B) hyphae.
C) mycelia.
D) haustoria.
E) buds.

Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE?
A) Most are aerobic, yet some yeasts are facultative anaerobes.
B) They prefer to live in aquatic environments.
C) They have the ability to live in high sugar and salt concentrations, and acidic pHs that would kill most bacteria.
D) They are a major cause of food spoilage.
E) Many produce spores that can survive harsh conditions.

Aspergillus is a fungus that grows on grains and peanuts and can produce a toxin that causes liver cancer in humans. This toxin is called
A) mycotoxin.
B) aspertoxin.
C) ergot.
D) aflatoxin.
E) alpha-bungarotoxin.

Which of the following statements about lichens is incorrect?
A) They are part algae and part fungus.
B) The fungal part absorbs water and minerals.
C) The algal part supplies organic molecules through photosynthesis.
D) Lichens can grow in extreme conditions that neither the fungus nor the algae would be able to survive on their own.
E) All of these choices are correct.

____________________ is/are fungi that form mutualistic associations with the root systems of vascular plants, increasing the absorptive surface area of the roots for water and micronutrient uptake.
A) Lichens
B) Mycelia
C) Hyphae
D) Mycorrhizae
E) Conidiophores

Fungi are economically important in both positive and negative ways. Which of the following describe ways that fungi have an economic impact on society? 1. Some species are used in the production of beer, wine, and bread. 2. Some are used in making cheeses. 3. Some produce antibiotics that can cure infections in humans. 4. Some are responsible for a significant amount of food spoilage. 5. Some forms of fungi are useful in genetic engineering.
A) 1,2,3.
B) 2,3,4.
C) 1,2,3,4.
D) 2,3,4,5.
E) 1,2,3,4,5.

Which of the following is paired incorrectly?
A) nematode – roundworm
B) cestode – tapeworm
C) arthropod – helminth
D) trematodes – flukes
E) All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following diseases are transmitted to humans by mosquitoes? 1. malaria; 2. Lyme disease; 3. equine encephalitis; 4. yellow fever; 5. plague
A) 1,2,3.
B) 1,3,4.
C) 1,2,3,4.
D) 2,3,4.
E) 1,2,3,4,5.

Which of the following arthropods are responsible for transmitting the bacteria that cause Rocky Mountain Spotted fever and Lyme disease?
A) mosquitoes
B) fleas
C) lice
D) ticks
E) mites

The spread of Malaria in Africa is probably best controlled by the following practice:
A) Killing off all large grazing animals.
B) Treating drinking water and sewage.
C) Washing all food.
D) Using insecticides in swampy areas and around homes.
E) Taking drugs that combat malaria.

A researcher discovers that a previously unidentified single-celled eukaryotic organism that is nonmotile and has a cell wall made of chitin. It most likely belongs to this group of organisms:
A) Protozoa.
B) Algae.
C) Helminth.
D) Ciliophora.
E) Fungi.

An increase in cloud cover associated with global climate change would directly affect which of the following organisms: 1. Fungi; 2. Protozoa; 3. Algae; 4. Lichens; 5. Helminths
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 2, 5
C) 3, 4
D) 3, 4, 5
E) 5

Which of the following is paired incorrectly?
A) Hookworms – Ascariasis
B) Whipworms – Trichuriasis
C) Pinworms – Enterobiasis
D) Threadworm – Strongyloidiasis
E) All of these are correct.

Which of the following have at least one flagellum and a complex mass of DNA in a large mitochondria?
A) Diplomonads
B) Apicomplexan
C) Parabasalid
D) Loboseans
E) Kinetoplastids

A density-dependent chemical communication between microbes is known as
A. Autoinducing
B. Quorum sensing
C. Group translocation
D. Signal relay systems

Sterilization

Antisepsis

Bacteriostatic

Physical methods

Autoclave

Filtration

Phenols/organic aromatic rings

disinfection

Sanitization

pasteurization

moist heat

Surfactants

Peroxygen

critical instruments

semicritical instruments

non-critical instruments and surfaces

Halogens

Catabolism

Anabolism

If there are 10^3 cells per ml at the middle of log phase, and the generation time of the cells is 30 minutes, how many cells will there be 2 hours later?
A) 2 x 10^3
B) 4 x 10^3
C) 8 x 10^3
D) 1.6 x 10^4
E) 1 x 10^7

Compared with their growth in the laboratory, bacteria in nature generally grow
A) more slowly.
B) faster.
C) at the same rate.

Cells are most sensitive to penicillin during which phase of the growth curve?
A) Lag
B) Exponential
C) Stationary
D) Death
E) More than one of these

Lactic acid is a primary metabolite. If a company wants to harvest this compound from a bacterial culture, the cells should be in which growth phase?
A) Lag
B) Exponential
C) Stationary
D) Death
E) More than one of these

E. coli, a faculative anaerobe, is grown for 24 hours on the same solid medium, but under two different conditions: one aerobic, the other anaerobic. The size of the colonies would be
A) the same under both conditions.
B) larger when grown under aerobic conditions.
C) larger when grown under anaerobic conditions.

The generation time of a bacterium was measured at two different temperatures. Which results would be expected of a thermophile?
A) 20 minutes at 10 C; 220 minutes at 37 C
B) 220 minutes at 10 C; 20 minutes at 37 C
C) no growth at 10 C; 20 minutes at 37 C
D) 20 minutes at 45 C; 220 minutes at 65 C
E) 220 minutes at 37 C; 20 minutes at 65 C

Which of the following is false?
A) E. coli grows faster in nutrient broth than in glucose-salts medium.
B) Organisms require nitrogen to make amino acids.
C) Some eukaryotes can fix N2.
D) An organism that grows on ham is osmotolerant.
E) Blood agar is used to detect hemolysis.

If the pH indicator were left out of MacConkey agar, the medium would be
A) complex
B) differential
C) defined
D) defined and differential
E) complex and differential

A soil sample is placed in liquid and the number of bacteria in the sample determined in two ways: (1) colony count and (2) direct microscopic count. How would the results compare?
A) Methods 1 and 2 would give approximately the same results.
B) Many more bacteria would be estimated by method 1.
C) Many more bacteria would be estimated by method 2.
D) Depending on the soil sample, sometimes method 1 would be higher and sometimes method 2 would be higher.

The concentration of E. coli in a broth is between 10^4 and 10^6 cells per ml. To determine the precise number of living cells in the sample it would be best to
A) use a counting chamber
B) plate out an appropriate dilution of the sample on nutrient agar.
C) determine cell number by using a spectrophotometer.
D) Any of these three methods would be satisfactory.
E) None of these three methods would be satisfactory.

Unlike a disinfectant, an antiseptic
A) sanitizes objects rather than sterilizes them.
B) destroys all microorganisms.
C) is non-toxic enough to be used on human skin.
D) requires heat to be effective.
E) can be used in food products.

The D value is defined as the time it takes to kill
A) all bacteria in a population.
B) all pathogens in a population.
C) 99.9% of bacteria in a population.
D) 90% of bacteria in a population.
E) 10% of bacteria in a population.

Which of the following is the most resistant to destruction by chemicals and heat?
A) Bacterial endospores
B) Fungal spores
C) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
D) E. coli
E) HIV

Ultraviolet light kills bacteria by
A) generating heat.
B) damaging DNA.
C) inhibiting protein synthesis.
D) damaging cells walls.
E) damaging cytoplasmic membranes.

Which concentration of alcohol is the most effective germicide.
A) 100%
B) 75%
C) 50%
D) 25%
E) 5%

Which of the following can most reliably be used as a sterilant?
A) Alcohol
B) Phenolic compounds
C) Ethylene oxide gas
D) Iodine

All of the following are routinely used to preserve food except
A) high concentrations of sugar.
B) high concentrations of salt.
C) benzoic acid.
D) freezing.
E) ethylene oxide.

Aseptically boxed juices and cream containers are processed using which of the following heating methods?
A) Canning
B) High-temperature-short-time (HTST) method
C) Low-temperature-long-time (LTLT) method
D) Ultra-high-temperature (UHT) method

Commercial canning processes are designed to ensure destruction of which of the following?
A) All vegetative bacteria
B) All viruses
C) Endospores of Clostridium botulinum
D) E. coli
E) Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Which of the following is false?
A) A high-level disinfectant cannot be used as a sterilant.
B) Critical items must be sterilized before use.
C) Low numbers of endospores may remain on semicritical items.
D) Standard sterilization procedures do not destroy prions.
E) Quaternary ammonium compounds can be used to disinfect food preparation surfaces.

Members of this group have chitinous cell walls.
A) Algae
B) Protozoa
C) Fungi
D) Helminths
E) Arthropods

Members of this group are photosynthetic.
A) Algae
B) Protozoa
C) Fungi
D) Helminths
E) Arthropods

This group helps produce many of the foods that we eat.
A) Algae
B) Protozoa
C) Fungi
D) Helminths
E) Arthropods

Protozoa reproduce asexually by
A) schizogony.
B) fragmentation.
C) meiosis.
D) polymorphism.

Which of the following is mismatched?
A) Plasmodium-malaria
B) Trypanosomes-dysentery
C) Dinoflagellates-paralytic shellfish poisoning
D) Nematode-trichinellosis

Which of the following is mismatched?
A) Trematode–fluke
B) Tick–arachnid
C) Baker’s yeast-algae
D) Apicomplexan-protozoa

Body Lice
A) Can act as a vector to transmit disease.
B) are not infectious.
C) have eight legs and sucking mouthparts.
D) are more closely related to ticks than they are to mosquitoes.

All algae have
A) chlorophyll a.
B) cell walls that contain agar.
C) holdfasts.
D) red tides.

Which of the following statements regarding protists is false?
A) They include both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms.
B) They include both microscopic and macroscopic organisms.
C) They often act as vectors in disease transmission.
D) They include algae and protozoa.

Which of the following statements regarding tapeworms is false?
A) They absorb nutrients from the host through their body wall.
B) They complete their life cycles in a single host.
C) They can form cysts in the tissue of their host.
D) They cannot be transmitted from human to human.

To measure the effectiveness of a sterilizing method, you would use:
A) Hemocytometer
B) Coulter Counter
C) Spectrophotometer
D) Plate count

Biofilm

Chemically Defined Medium

Complex Medium

Differential Medium

Exponential (Log) Phase

Generation Time

Plate Count

Pure Culture

Selective Medium

Direct Cell Counts

Viable Cell Counts

Measuring Biomas

Detecting Cell Products

Neutrophiles

Acidophiles

Alkaliphiles

Aseptic Technique

Disinfectant

Germicide

Sterilant

Sterile

Antiseptic

Which of the following solution(s) does not have to be filter sterilized?
A) Heat sensitive vitamin solution
B) Injectable solution of genetically engineered growth hormone (polypeptide)
C) Compounds which release noxious fumes at high temperatures.
D) 0.85% saline (only water and NaCl) solution for intravenous use (No heat sensitive component)
E) All of the above solutions should be filter sterilized.

Sterlization is effective in destroying endospores.
A) True
B) False

Biofilms are more susceptible to antimicrobial agents than individual microbial cells.
A) True
B) False

Order of resistance to containment of cells or infection agent:

Photoautotrophs

Photoheterotrophs

Chemolithoautotrophs

Chemoorganoheterotrophs