Relationship between accounting information and share prices Essay

  1. Introduction

Value relevancy is one of the basic property of quality of the fiscal statements. The construct of the value relevancy of accounting information is defined as ‘‘the ability of accounting Numberss to sum up the information underlying the stock monetary values, therefore the value relevancy is indicated by a statistical association between fiscal information and monetary values or returns’’ ( Jianwei and Chunjiao, 2007 ) . Listed companies use fiscal statements as one of the major medium of communicating with their stakeholders. Therefore, stock market regulators and accounting criterions compositors seeking to better the quality of fiscal statements in order to increase the transparence degree in fiscal coverage ( Vishnani and Shah, 2008 ) .

Investors are non in a place to straight entree the public presentation of the company in which they are intended to put. They normally depend on the fiscal statements prepared by the direction of the company. A cardinal function of fiscal statements is to sum up concern minutess and other events. Fiscal Statements will dwell of different types of information such as Fiscal Information or relevancy accounting information can be described as an indispensable pre necessity for stock market growing. ( Oyerinde, 2009 ) Under this concept, the value relevancy of fiscal statement information is measured by its ability to gaining control or sum up information, irrespective of beginning, that affects equity value ( Francis and Schipper, 1999 ) . Fiscal information non merely is used to understand the current and past public presentation and future anticipation of company, but besides it is used as a tool for planning and commanding the activities of the company. ( Khajavi et al. , 2010 ) .

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Investors ( proprietors ) are considered to be the most of import user of accounting informations and it is hence important to analyze the value relevancy of accounting informations. Stock market is a topographic point which facilitates corporations to raise equity capital, facilitates uninterrupted economic growing and maintain liquidness for the holder of the stocks who invest in these stocks for the intent of capital addition. On the other manus the chief aim of accounting informations is to supply information about the company’s economic system to different users inside and outside the company ( Smith, 2006 ) . The more investors use accounting information, it is expected that rational determinations are made. But the usage of accounting information depends on several factors, some of which are related to users of the information and some others related to the quality and measure of the information.

Fiscal information is indispensable in doing sound investing determinations and it will cut down the informational dissymmetry job between the firm’s directors and the investors ( Hossain, et Al. 2004 ) . Investors besides use non-financial information in order to do investing determinations, still conventional investors give more weight to fiscal information. A chief intent of accounting is to supply investors with relevant information for their investing determinations.

  1. Aim of survey
  • To find the significance of relationship between accounting information and portion monetary values.
  • To find which variable of survey has more explanatory power than the other.
  • To find the impact of clip factor on the relationship between accounting information and portion monetary values in Pakistan.
  1. Significance of survey

Accounting information has significance for internal ( primary ) users every bit good as for external ( secondary ) users. Primary users of accounting information include ; Management, employees and proprietors. Secondary users are creditors, revenue enhancement governments, clients, investors and regulative governments.

Accounting information largely help the investors in foretelling future tendencies and corroborating their past anticipations sing profitableness of the company. Hence, this survey will assist Pakistani investors in determination devising as to whether purchase the stocks of company based on their accounting information.

  1. LITERATURE REVIEW

Glezakoset al. ,( 2012 ) investigated the impact of accounting information on portion monetary values. Sample of 38 listed companies of Athens Stock Exchange was taken for the period 1996 – 2008. Net incomes per portion (Tocopherolit) and Book value per portion (BVit) are used as proxy variables for accounting information and are taken as independent variables, whereas, Stock monetary value (Phosphorusit) is used as dependent variable in their survey. They applied arrested development on logarithmic values of all variables of the survey for each twelvemonth. They find that jointly the two parametric quantities are value relevant i.e. the explanatory power of the two parametric quantities increases with clip. However, net incomes per portion has less impact on stock monetary values every bit compared to book value per portion.

Vijitha and Nimalathasan ( 2014 ) investigated the value relevancy of accounting information and portion monetary values. Sample of 20 fabrication companies listed in Colombo Stock Exchange ( CSE ) are considered for this survey for the period of 5 old ages i.e. from 2008 – 2012. Proxy variables used in this survey to mensurate the accounting information include Earning per Share (EPS) , Net Assets Value Per Share (NAVPS) , Return On Equity (Roe) and Price Net incomes Ratio (P/R) whereas Share Price (SP) is taken as dependent variable. By using arrested development analysis technique they find that overall accounting information is significantly related to portion monetary values at 1 % significance degree but separately EPS and NAVPS have important whereas, ROE and P/E ratio have insignificant impact on portion monetary value.

Keener ( 2011 ) examined the comparative value relevancy of net incomes and book value across industries. Data for many industries dwelling of 98,284 companies is collected for the clip period of 20 old ages i.e. from 1982 – 2001. Independent variables used in this survey are Earnings per portion (EPS) and Book value per portion (BV) and Price per portion (Phosphorus) is used as dependent variable. Through pooled arrested development analysis he found that jointly EPS and BV are important while separately book value is more relevant than net incomes per portion.

Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assayet al. ,( 2013 ) studied the impact of accounting information on stock monetary values. Sample of 46 houses listed at OMX big Cap has been taken for this survey. In this survey, Book value per portion (BVPS) and Earnings per portion (EPS) are used as proxy variables for accounting information. By using OLX arrested development on the informations collected for the clip period 2007 – 2010, they find that BVPS is more value relevant to portion monetary values as compared to EPS.

Sibel KarAYA±n ( 2013 ) examined “the Impact of IFRS on the Value Relevance of Accounting Information” . Data is collected for the period 1998 to 2011 from the listed companies of Istanbul Stock Exchange ( ISE ) . In this survey, market value per portion (Most valuable player) or stock monetary values is taken as dependant, whereas, book value per portion (BVPS) and accounting net incomes per portion (EPS) are used as independent variables. Through OLS cross-sectional arrested development analysis, it is found that the value relevancy of book value has increased as compared to the value relevancy of net incomes per portion.

Sami and Zhou ( 2004 ) investigated the value relevancy of accounting information for A-share and B-share investors in Chinese Stock Market. The two chief variables used as placeholder for accounting information are Book value per portion (BV) and Earnings per portion (Tocopherol) . Data for 401 A-shared and 401 B-shared companies is collected. Using GLS and Pearson Correlation co-efficient technique, consequences of this survey indicate that accounting information is value relevant for both A-share and B-share investors but investors largely rely on BV.

Shehzadet al. ,( 2014 ) studied the impact of accounting information on stock monetary values. This survey includes the sample of 19 private Bankss listed on Karachi Stock Exchange ( KSE ) . Data is collected for the period 2008 – 2012. Share monetary value is taken as dependent variable whereas EPS and BVPS are used as independent variables in this survey. Applying pooled arrested development technique, it is found that EPS is more related to stock monetary values every bit compared to book value.

Azeem and Kouser ( 2011 ) studied the impact of International Accounting Standards on the value relevancy of accounting information. They took sample of 52 non-financial public limited companies which are listed on Karachi Stock Exchange and are largest by market capitalisation. They applied arrested development analysis on the fiscal information of selected companies for the old ages 2002 – 2009. Empirical analysis of this survey indicates that International Accounting Standards have impact on the value relevancy of accounting information i.e. by following International Accounting Standards, value relevancy of accounting information has improved.

Ghayoumiet al. ,conducted research on the factors that have impact on the value relevancy of accounting information. They took concluding sample of 106 companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 2001 – 2007. Variables of this survey include, being profitable or loss generating, company size, net incomes stableness and company growing. Ohlson Model and cumulative arrested development analysis is used in this survey to analyze those factors. Findingss of this survey indicate that above mentioned factors are value relevant to accounting information.

Chenet Al. , through empirical observation examined whether accounting information is value relevant in emerging Chinese stock market. They took sample of all listed houses in Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges with available informations for the clip period 1991 – 1998. Based on return and monetary value theoretical account, consequences of this survey indicate that accounting information has relevancy to investors in Chinese Stock Market.

  1. Literature Gap

From the historical background of the survey it is clear that there is weak grounds on such survey in Pakistan. Recently, in 2014 a survey was conducted by Shehzadet al. ,on the value relevancy of accounting information and its impact on portion monetary values concentrating the banking sector of Pakistan but they did non considered whether the explanatory power of variables explicating accounting information has changed over clip or non. Similarly, there are some surveies conducted on the accounting developments, like Ashraf and Ghani ( 2005 ) . This survey did non include the empirical and econometrical analysis. The focal point of current survey will be on the value relevancy of accounting information explicating whether their explanatory power has changed over clip or non.

  1. Proposed Research Model:

In this survey, value relevancy of accounting information will be estimated utilizing Ohlson’s ( 1995 ) theoretical account. It expresses the stock monetary value as a map of the net incomes per portion and the book value per portion, as follows:

Phosphorusit=?0+?1Tocopherolit+?2BVit+vitamin Eit( 1 )

Where,

Phosphorusit= Price per portion

Tocopherolit= Net incomes per portion

BVit= Book value per portion

This theoretical account explains the joint explanatory power of the two variables i.e. Net incomes per portion and Book value per portion. To some extent, these two variables act as replacements for each other and can do the job of multicollinearity. In order to avoid this job, the above equation is splitted into two:

Phosphorusit=?0+?1Tocopherolit+vitamin Eit( 1.1 )

And,

Phosphorusit=?0+?1BVit+vitamin Eit( 1.2 )

These three theoretical accounts will hold different coefficients of finding:

Roentgen2Thymine= coefficient of finding of ( 1 ) which jointly reflects the explanatory power of net incomes and book value:

Roentgen2Tocopherol= coefficient of finding of ( 1.1 ) , showing the explanatory power of net incomes per portion, and

RoentgenBV= coefficient of finding of ( 1.2 ) , showing the explanatory power of book value per portion.

The incremented explanatory power of the book value ( R2BVI) and net incomes ( R2EI) are given by the undermentioned relationships:

Roentgen2BVI=Roentgen2ThymineRoentgen2Tocopherol( 1.3 )

Roentgen2EI=Roentgen2ThymineRoentgen2BV( 1.4 )

The explanatory power that is common for both net incomes and book values (Roentgen2C) is the consequence of the multiple theoretical account coefficient of finding less the above two parametric quantities (Roentgen2BVI,Roentgen2EI) :

Roentgen2C= Roentgen2Thymine– ( R2EI+ Roentgen2BVI)( 1.5 )

The above technique, which was proposed by Easton ( 1985 ) and Collins, Maydew and Weiss ( 1997 ) and applied by Theil ( 1971 ) , examine whether the relevancy of book values has changed over the old ages. The coefficients of finding of above equations are related to clip variable as:

Roentgen2T=?0+?T( Time )T+ IµT( 1.6 )

Where, Time = 1,2, …… , 14

If?1is negative, it shows that explanatory power of the variables has declined over clip, whereas, if?1is positive, it means explanatory power has increased over clip.

Uniting the equations from ( 1.3 ) – ( 1.5 ) , the undermentioned relationship is derived:

Roentgen2C= Roentgen2Thymine– ( R2Thymine+ Roentgen2BV) – ( R2Thymine+ Roentgen2Tocopherol)( 1.7 )

= ( R2Tocopherol+ Roentgen2BV) – Roentgen2Thymine

If combined Roentgen2( Roentgen2C) increases with clip, it means that EPS and BV are moving as replacements for each other and hence there will be job of multicollinearity.

  1. Hypothesis

H1: Accounting information has important impact on Stock Monetary values

H2: Combined explanatory power has increased over clip

  1. SAMPLE AND DATA

For the intents of this survey, sample of top 25 companies listed in the Karachi Stock Exchange ( KSE ) will be selected for the period 2000 to 2013. Required informations will be collected from the secondary beginning i.e. from the one-year studies of the companies and the balance sheet analysis studies for joint stock companies issued by the State Bank of Pakistan. For each company, the logarithms of the annual stock monetary values, net incomes per portion and book values per portion will be used throughout the examined period using pooled arrested development technique.

  1. Methodology

Value relevancy is measured in many ways ; nevertheless there are three major types. This categorization is used by many e.g. , Lambert ( 1996 ) and Holthausen and Watts ( 2001 ) .

  • Relative association
  • Incremental association
  • Fringy information content

Relative association surveies find the value relevancy in two different accounting paradigms. Normally higher R-squared is categorized as more value relevant.

Second type is the usage of a set of some fiscal Numberss in the arrested development analysis to foretell portion monetary values and so if arrested development coefficient is significantly different than zero, it is assumed that these variables are value relevant.

Third Marginal information content technique finds that how much addition in information available to the investors comes by adding another accounting step.

Current survey is based on Relative Association and Marginal Information Content Technique i.e. we will compare R2of the arrested developments and besides see if there is some alteration in information by utilizing clip as another factor.Mentions

Ashraf, J. , & A ; Ghani, W. I. ( 2005 ) , “Accounting development in Pakistan” ,The International Journal of Accounting,40( 2 ) , 175-201

Azeem & A ; Kouser ( 2011 ) , “International Accounting Standards and Value Relevance of Book value and Net incomes: Panel survey from Pakistan” ,International Journal of Contemporary Business Studies,Vol: 2, No: 9.September, 2011 ISSN 2156-7506

Chenet al. ,( 2001 ) , “Is accounting information value-relevant in the emerging Chinese stock market? ” ,Journal of International Accounting, Auditing & A ; Taxation10 ( 2001 ) 1–22

Collins, D.W. , Maydew E.L. , & A ; Weiss I. ( 1997 ) , “Changes in the value-relevance of net incomes and book values over the past 40 years” ,Journal of Accounting and Economics,24, 39-67

Easton, P. ( 1985 ) , “Accounting Net incomes and and Security Valuation: Empirical Evidence of the Fundamental Links” ,Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 23, Studies on Accounting Net incomes and Security Valuation: Current Research Issues, 54-77

Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assayet al. ,( 2013 ) , “Value relevancy of accounting information and its impact on stock monetary values: Evidence from Sweden” , Term Paper

Francis, J. , & A ; Schipper, K. ( 1999 ) , “Have fiscal statements lost their relevancy? ” , Journalof Accounting Research,319-352.

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Glezakoset al. ,( 2012 ) , “Impact of Accounting Information on stock Monetary values: Evidence from the Athens Stock Exchange” ,International Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol. 4, No. 2 ; February 2012

Hadi, M. M. ( 2004 ) , “The importance of accounting information to the investors in banking sector: Kuwaiti evidence” , Working paper, College of Business Administration Kuwait University

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KarAYA±n ( 2013 ) , “The Impact of IFRS on the Value Relevance of Accounting Information: Evidence from Turkish Firms” , International Journal of Economics and Finance ; Vol. 5, No. 4 ; 2013

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Lambert, R.A. , ( 1996 ) , “Financial coverage research and standard setting” ,Unpublished working paper,Stanford University.

Liu, J. , & A ; Liu, C. ( 2007 ) , “Value relevancy of accounting information in different stock market sections: the instance of Chinese A- , B- , and H-shares” ,Journal of International Accounting Research,6 ( 2 ) , 55-81

Ohlson, J. A. ( 1995 ) , “Earnings, book values, and dividends in security valuation” ,Contemporary Accounting Research, 11, 661-688

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Shehzadet al. ,( 2014 ) , “Value relevancy of Accounting Information and its Impact on Stock Monetary values: Case Study of Listed Banks at Karachi Stock Exchange” ,Journal of Economic Info, 3 ( 1 ) , 40-48, 2014

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Vishnani, S. , & A ; Shah, B. K. ( 2008 ) , “Value relevancy of published fiscal statements–with particular accent on impact of hard currency flow reporting” ,International Research Journal of Finance and Economicss,17 ( 1 ) , 84-90.

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