| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the only way mutations be passed on to offspring? | If the mutation is found in the parent's sex cells. |
| What is protein synthesis? | Ribosomes read the genetic codes and assemble (make) the proper proteins. |
| In RNA strands, the base _________ replaces thymine. | Uracil. (remember G goes to C, A goes to U in RNA) |
| How many codes make one amino acid? | 3 bases |
| What is mutation? | a change in the hereditary material of an organism |
| An example of a genetic disorder that happens because you have too many or too few chromosomes. | Downs Syndrome |
| How many amino acids make all proteins in our cell? | 20 different amino acids |
| What does Messenger RNA (mRNA) do for DNA? | mRNA decodes the DNA base sequence and carries the codons to the ribosome. |
| What is messenger RNA (mRNA) responsible for during protein synthesis? | copying the gene and carrying the information out of the nucleus (nuclear membrane). |
| what is the base pair rules when DNA –> mRNA? | C —> G, T —> A, A —-> U |
| How is RNA different than DNA? | a single strand, no T but U in the base pair, in moves in and out of nucleus |
| What are protein chains made of? | amino acids |
| A mutation can cause _________________________. | a change (or mutation) in the base sequence and it might produce the wrong protein. |
| Why is the order of the base pairs along a gene important? | it forms a code that tells a cell which protein to make. |
| What are the 3 types of mutation? | substitution, insertion, and deletion |
| What is substitution? | when one base replaces another. |
| What are three types of substitutions? | missense (cause a different amino acid), silent (does not change amino acid or protein), nonsense (make the codon STOP in the wrong place) |
| What is insertion? | an extra base is added. it causes frameshift. |
| What is deletion? | a base is missing. it causes frameshift. |
| What is frameshift? | Causes the mRNA bases to be read in the wrong group of 3. Caused by insertion and deletion. |
| What does AUG in a mRNA sequence tell the ribosome? | START |
| When does transcription happen? | When mRNA decodes a DNA strand |
| When does Translation happen? | when tRNA retrieves (gets) amino acids. |
