T Solium Taeniasis Cysticercosis Biology Essay

T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis is a ignored tropical zoonotic disease which is endemic in several developing states. The grownup cestode infection occurs merely in human ( Taeniasis ) , acquired by the consumption of undercooked porc contaminated with cysticerci. The infection with larval phase is acquired by consumption of parasite eggs shed in homo fecal matters which can infect both human and hogs. After consumption, cysticerci migrate to the bowel. Taeniasis has merely mild clinical manifestations and may stay symptomless. Human cysticercosis occurs when cystic larvae Lodge in different variety meats such as the cardinal nervous system ( CNS ) , skeletal musculuss, oculus and hypodermic tissue.5,6

It is estimated that 50 million people are infected with the taeniasis/cysticercosis and 50,000 deceases occur from cysticercosis yearly, worldwide. ( 2-4 ) . In India, Human taeniasis has a prevalence of 2-38 % and 8.7-50 % of patients showing with recent oncoming of ictus had NCC. The prevalence of porcine cysticercosis varies from 7-26 % . ( Rajshekhar, V. et al. , 2004 ) . In Chandigarh and its environing countries, seroprevelence rate of 17.3 % with highest prevalence of 24 % from slum countries has been reported ; nevertheless merely 8 % of the seropostives had old history of ictus ( Khurana et al 2006 ; Saigal et al 1984 ) .

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In Asiatic states, bulk of the patients with neurocysticercosis presented with a individual sweetening encephalon lesion and a really few have monolithic infections with multiple cysts. Conversely, in Latin America the most frequent presentation of NCC is multiple cysts without marks of redness. Subcutaenous cysticercosis is rare in Latin America but really common in Asia. Whether these differential pathological manifestations are related to different familial discrepancies of T. solium is non known yet. It is suggested that cognition of the familial construction of tapeworm parasites can be applied to the epidemiology and control of these parasites, because familial discrepancies may differ in their infectivity and pathogenicity. Analysis of familial fluctuation between and within populations determined the future evolutionary alteration, familial distinction and speciation [ 4 ] . Molecular techniques based on Polymerase concatenation reaction ( PCR ) based has been used for the differential diagnosing of tenia species and strains of T. solium and to derive cognition of familial diverseness in this parasitic population 2-5

In molecular biological science, mitochondrial sequences are widely used as familial markers for ecological, phylognetic and evolutionary surveies. The partial sequencing of cyclooxygenase 1 cistron of T. solium isolates obtained from different countries in Asia and America reported the presence of two genotypes: Asiatic genotypes and American genotypes ( Okamato et al ) . Later, sequencing of mitochondrial cistrons of African isolates were found to be clustered with American genotype which reveals the presence of Asiatic genotype and American/African genotype ( Nako et al 2002a ) . In the present survey familial polymorphisms in T. solium from 2 different geographical parts of India were studied by comparing sequences of mitochondrial cistrons: cytochrome C oxidase fractional monetary unit 1 ( cox1 ) .

Materials and Methods

Taenia solium cysticerci were collected from 2 different geographical countries i.e Chandigarh and Dibrugarh in India which are 2585 km apart. Cyst samples were obtained from 50 newly slaughtered and to a great extent infected hogs from slaughter houses located in Chandigarh ( n=25 ) and Dibrugarh ( n=25 ) . The carcase incorporating cysts were transported to the section of Parasitology, PGIMER for farther processing. The cysticerci were separated, washed with distilled H2O and examined under the microscope. They were fixed in 95 % ethyl alcohol and stored at -20 & A ; deg ; C till further usage. Cyst from each animate being was considered as an isolate.

Molecular analysis

Deoxyribonucleic acid extraction: The cyst samples were washed thrice in PBS to take ethyl alcohol and genomic DNA was extracted from each sample by QIAamp DNA mini kit ( Qiagen, Hilden, Germany ) , harmonizing to the maker ‘s instructions.

For molecular designation, PCR elaboration of the cox1 cistron was performed by utilizing primers and PCR conditions as described antecedently [ 7 ] with minor alterations. Briefly, PCR was carried out in a 50 ul reaction mixture incorporating 2 ?l DNA, 0.2 millimeter premixed solution of dNTP, 10 pmol of each primer, 1x PCR buffer, and 1 U of TaqDNA polymerase. Amplification plan included an initial denaturation measure of 95EsC for 5 min and 30 rhythms each of denaturation ( 95EsC for 30s ) , tempering ( 56EsC for 30s ) , extension ( 72EsC for 90sec ) and concluding extension of 72EsC for 10 min. After agarose gel cataphoresis ( 1 % ) , PCR merchandises were purified and sequenced.

Phylogenetic analysis

Previously published sequences of T. solium isolates retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ) were used as the mention sequence ( Fig 2 ) . Nucleotide sequence analysis was performed with BLAST sequence algorithms and sequences were aligned utilizing ClustalW [ 21 ] . The familial distance was calculated by utilizing Kimura two-parameter distance estimations and samples were clustered utilizing the Neighbour-joining algorithm utilizing Mega 4 package. Bootstrap analysis was performed utilizing 1000 replicates.

Consequences

T. solium cysticerci were molecularly identified by the partial sequencing of Cox 1 cistron. The sequence of the amplified merchandise were ranged in length from 1630-1700 bp. Nucleotide sequences of all these isolates were aligned with sequences of other taenid tapeworms i.e T. solium, T. saginta and T. asiatica. In this survey merely point mutants were found and no add-on or omissions were reported. All the isolates analysed in the present survey differed from the standard strains of America, Africa and China at place 994 and 1466 and like China isolate differed from American and African strains at 13 different places. The nucleotide sequence of North East Indian isolate were differed from North Indian isolates at place 366, 1041. Interestingly these isolates like American and African strain has ‘T ‘ at place 1164. The nucleotide sequence of all the North Indian isolates ( except Tae 4, 9, 11 ) showed 100 % similarity with sequence deposited in Genbank with accession figure ( AB066489 ) and used as mention strain from India in this survey. Interestingly isolates which were obtained after surgical resections from optic cysticecosis patients from Chandigarh besides showed 100 % similarity with other North Indian isolates from musculuss of hog.

Further in dendrogram analysis all the isolates were clustered with Asiatic genotype of T. solium in 2 different clades. Clade I contain all the isolates from East India whereas all the North Indian isolates were clustered in clade II. In Cox1 cistron, 6 variant nucleotide places ( 0.37 % of entire length ) were detected among the 50 isolates.

Discussion

Taeniasis and cysticercosis is endemic in many parts of India and is a cause of serious concern due to increase in morbidity and considerable economic loss. In India several factors including

cultural, socioeconomical, agricultural and environmental contribute to disease burden [ Prasad et al. , ] . In add-on to this, deficiency of instruction and knowledge about the life rhythm of the parasite, every bit good as the deficiency of statute law for meat review and offal disposal at local butcheries, contributes to the transmittal. Genotyping of isolates of T. solium drama an of import function in the preparation of control schemes for the bar of transmittal of this parasite.

Within cox 1gene, differential base are dispersed over the full length and served as diagnostic marker for human taenid tapeworms or distinction of 2 genotypes of Taenia Within Cox 1 cistron 11 bases at place, , and served as differential marker for 3 species of Tania and Nucleotides at 13 different places can distinguish the 2 genotypes of T. solium

In this survey to analyze the familial fluctuation by sequencing of Cox 1 cistron isolates of T. solium isolates were collected from 2 distant endemic geographical country of India. All the isolates were clustered with other Asiatic genotypes. These consequences are in understanding the findings of Nako et Al ( 2002 ) ; based on the sequencing of Cox 1 and Cyt b cistron of 13 hog isolates of T. solium from assorted parts of Asia ( China, India, Irian, Jaya and Thailand ) , Africa ( Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru ) and Latin.America ( Cameroon, Mozambique and Tanzania ) they proposed that T. solium should be classified into 2 genotypes Asiatic genotype and American/ African genotype.

In the present survey, Cox1 sequences for North Indian T. solium cysticerci samples from human oculus and from hogs placed them into the same group had about indistinguishable sequence to a sample of T. solium from India ( AB066489 ) , ( Fig. 1A and Table 1 ) . These consequences suggest the familial similarity between cysticeri from hog and homo. These consequences are accordant with the earlier surveies, in which nucleotide sequence from cysticerci from human oculus and encephalon were about indistinguishable to those obtained from hogs, bespeaking that the cysticerci of T. solium from hogs and homos are genetically really near. ( Hinjosa-Juarez et Al ) .

In North Indian samples 25 isolates were differed at 3 nucleotide places but in North East Indian isolates no familial fluctuation was observed. Among these two populations 6 variant nucleotide places were detect but these population when compared with the criterion strain from Africa and America have 20 discrepancies nucleotide places. In another syudy withIn Cox1 cistron, 28 variant nucleotide places ( 1.7 % of entire length ) were reporte among the 13isolates collected fron different part of Asia, America and Africa ( Nakao et al. , 2002 ) . These types of consequence are expected as T. solium is a hermaphroditic being capable of self fertilisation, which is responsible for diminish familial fluctuation and increase familial distinction among populations.

In decision the consequence of the present survey demonstrated the really low familial fluctuation in the cyclooxygenase 1 cistron of cysticerci of T. solium isolates and all the sequences good clustered with the published sequences of Asiatic genotype of T. solium

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