Medicine

Handling film with wet hands – do not hold by body of radiograph – use a film clip fingerprint artifact Fixer solution too old, chemicals exhausted or inadequate washing with water insufficient fixation, rinsing or washing yellow-brown stains Not enough developer in tank – Solution only covers half of the film Developer Cut Off Film …

when x-ray beam passes thru matter, this is the reduction in the # of x-ray photons in the beam, and subsequent energy loss attenuation x-ray photons interacting with matter and losing energy through these interactions – usually an orbital electron is what the photons interact with. What causes attenuation The whole atom, an orbital electron …

Ionize Main property of x-radiation that makes it potentially hazardous is its ability to? Chain reaction in the human body that may eventually cause biologic damage. X-rays are from the Electric Magnetic Spectrum or radiation energy and is considered harmful in high energy ranges. Describe the damage potential of ionization? Carcinogenesis – Stochastic/Non-Threshold Effect What …

DISI stands for? Seen in? Dorsal Intercalated Segment Instability; see in scaphoid Fx, distal radius Fx (compensatory), radius malunion (adaptive) #1 carpal Fx? Scaphoid, most common at waist (70%), risk of AVN to prox fragment. F/B Proximal, Distal, tubercle Fx Describe SNAC wrist (scaphoid non-union advanced collapse) Proximal scaphoid fragment attached to lunate, distal scaphoid …

Willhelm Conrad Roentgen who discovered X-rays? C. Edmund Kells who was the first person to make practical use of X-rays in dentistry? process in which electrons are removed from orbital shells of electrically stable atoms through collisions with X-ray photons what is ionization? tubehead, extension arm, control panel what are the primary components of a …

fundamental physics concepts that relate to_____ and ____ are reviewed. radiation absorption, scatter the highest energy level of photons in the x-ray beam (kVp) peak kilovoltage the product of electron tube current and the amount of time in seconds that the x-ray tube is activated (mAs) milliampere-seconds controls the quality, or penetrating power, of the …

M: Marginal erosions O: Osteopenia B: Bilaterally symmetrical S: Subluxation S: Swelling S: Symmetrical joint space narrowing Radiographic findings of RA Note:MOBs^3 NSAIDs (COX-2) Corticosteroids DMARDs (methotrexane, TNF-a antagonists, hydrochloroquine & sulfasalazine) Treatments (3) 1. Fibular deviation 2. Swan neck 3. Ulnar deviation 4. Digital contractures 5. Prominent met heads 6. Rheumatoid nodules Articular manifestations …

Bones of the Head Teeth No. of Ribs- 18 ribs GI Tract- hindgut Distal Limbs anatomy review of large animal: horse skeleton skull of a horse Horse skull from above front leg of a horse back leg of a horse lower part of the front leg of a horse horse hoof Difficult to take the …

normal: AP open mouth, Ap lower cervical, neutral lateral supplemental: anterior or posterior obliques, flexion and extension laterals, articular pillars, swim Normal and Supplemental Views of the Cervicals need two images 90 degrees from each other AP open mouth visualize the opposite/contra sided IVF’s, side marker appears in front of the spine Posterior Oblique visualize …

-Birth: calcaneus and talus are ossified (cuboid sometimes) -Centers of ossification appear between 1 and 4 y/o -Fully ossified at 20 y/o -Width of foot will change with age development of the foot -AP -AP mortise -Lateral -Oblique -In addition inversion and eversion stress projections may be done routine projections -Distal tibia and fibula -Medial …

-Radial head aligned with capitellum -Ulna aligned with trochlea -Radial head articulates with ulna -“Carrying angle” AP Capitellum-1 years Radial head-3 years Internal epicondyle-5 years Trochlea-7 years Olecranon-9 years External epicondyle-11 years (Also known as Lateral epicondyle) CRITOE or CRITOL -Fat pad sign -Radial head aligned with capitellum -Anterior humeral line intersects middle third of …

Standard views are almost always taken 15 standard views of the foot and ankle Many are taken *weight bearing Radiographic Views *The path that the central x-ray beam follows as it enters and exits the body An anterior posterior (AP) projection goes through the foot from anterior (dorsal) to posterior (plantar) Projection Refers to the …

– Patient positioned between x-ray tube (beam source) and detector – X-ray photons either are attenuated (absorbed or scattered) by tissue or pass through to detector – Basis: variable penetration (or differential absorption) Describe the basic process of radiography (X-ray). No penetration (white) Photons are attenuated; they do not reach the detector. Define radiopaque (radiodense). …

asymptomatic abnormalities can be detected lesions can be viewed which CANNOT be detected clinically radiographic advantages need to be in conjunction with clinical exam (history) rads are 2D and may miss or mimic a pathological condition radiographic limitations trauma resorption pulp changes periapical lesions types of oral pathology can be viewed as an injury produced …

*X-RAYS ARE N-E-R.* *X-rays* are *nonluminous electromagnetic radiation* similar to beams of light. It is the energy that comes out of the tube. A *RADIOGRAPH* is the *latent image* captured by the x-rays. What is the difference between x-rays and a radiograph? *”P-O-N–D”* Patient ID # Owner & patient name Name of Veterinary facility Date …

Anterior Inferior The gallbladder is located in the _____ margin of the liver Falciform Ligament The name of the soft tissue structure that divides the liver into left & right lobes Emulsify Fats Primary Function of Bile Common Hepatic Duct The duct formed by the union of the left & right hepatic ducts 30 to …

dark pattern, air Normal for lung Radiolucent white pattern: solid, fluid normal for bones, organs Radiodence / opacity any ill-defined radiodensity ATELECTASIS Infiltrate solid white area pneumonia; pleural effusion Consolidation extra pulmonary air copd, asthma attack, pneumothorax Hyperluceny lymphatics, vessels, lung tissue Vascular markings CHF Increased vascular markings pneumothorax Decreased/absent vascular markings atelectasis, pneumonia Diffuse …

There is increasing evidence that platelets play a crucial role in all stages of the pathogenesis of vascular disease – particularly atherosclerosis. Research over the last 10–15 years has demonstrated that atherosclerosis involves an active inflammatory process rather than the benign accumulation of intra-luminal lipids.31 Platelets play key roles in the development and progression of …

What is the maximum measurement of an enlarged sella turcica? Across x Depth? 16×12 mm What specialized imaging would be the most advantageous to use for evaluating an enlarged sella turcica? MRI What roentgenometric is used to detect platybasia and what is its normal range? Martin’s basilar angle, 137-l52 What is the name of the …

Radiolucent, edema. Can have outright missing soft tissue if ulceration is occuring How does soft tissue appear when infected Crepitus, very radiolucent splotches. Clinical emergency if suspected How does gas gangrene present Exotoxin from C. Perfringens or other closteridium What is a major cause of gas gangrene It takes 10-14 days of infection or 30-50% …

ultrasound xray mammography computed tomography magnetic resonance imaging barium x ray

Typically denotes aggressive disease rapidly changing bone lesion Typically non-aggressive or low grade neoplasia/infection non-changing or slowly changing bone lesion -characterized by a sharp line of transition between lysis and normal bone with a single lesion -least aggressive geographic bone lysis Multiple small/medium sized holes that are often confluent with irregular, poorly-defined margins. moth-eaten bone …

cassette based (CR) or cassette-less (DR) Digital radiography systems can be divided into 2 groups photostimulable storage phosphor imaging plates (PSP or IP) inside a cassette. The cassette can be used in the bucky or for portable exams. cassette-based systems use the plate is taken to a reader to process the plate and create the …

1. AP view = joint space narrowing or calcification of cartilage 2. Lateral view = (w/partial FLX) – patella and joint effusion 3. Sunrise or Merchant view = relationship of patella to A femur 4. Tunnel view = tibial spines an femoral epicondyle 9Plain film of knee (4) MRI (after you do plain film first) …

Mandibular Lingual foramen Mandibular Oblique Ridge Mandibular Mental Fossa Maxillary Tuberosity Mandibular Genial Tubercules Maxillary Hamular Process Maxillary Incisive Foramen Mandibular Ramus Mandibular Inferior Border Maxillary Lateral Fossa Mandibular Coronoid Process Maxillary Zygomatic Process All bone appears radiopaque. How does bone appear on a radiograph? inferior border of the nasal cavity and anterior border of …