The City Mysore Essay

MYSORE CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN UNDER JNNURM SCHEME u Karnataka Slum Clearance Board City Development Plan for Mysore PREFACE TO THE CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF MYSORE This City Development Plan (CDP) document has been prepared by Mysore City in the context of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). The document has been prepared through a systematic consultation process with citizen groups, elected representatives, and Government departments/ agencies. Infrastructure Development Corporation (Karnataka) Ltd. iDeCK) 1, which is an organization empanelled for the purposes of the JNNURM by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India, has assisted Mysore City in developing this CDP. This CDP seeks to set in place the directions and principles, rather than aim at being a definitive and conclusive document. Primary emphasis is on principles, directions and reform, rather than on specific projects that the City needs to develop. Given the complex and consensual nature of the exercise, it is clear that while such a consultative process gives room for all the views to be articulated, it is certainly not possible to adopt every view point.

The final vision will therefore reflect a preponderance of opinion, rather than be a unanimous view. A two-phased approach has been adopted to chart the direction of the City’s development. A consultative, normative approach to envision the future, complemented by a bottom-up approach of specific project interventions in the City. It is also clear that the Vision articulated in this document will continue to evolve, even subsequently, with learning and feedback from various stakeholders.

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Mysore City recognizes this need for ongoing fine-tuning of the CDP, and proposes to incorporate any essential and crucial issues into a revision that will be brought out in periodic reviews. 1 iDeCK is a joint venture of Government of Karnataka, Infrastructure Development Finance Company (IDFC), and Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC) 1 City Development Plan for Mysore CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF MYSORE ……………………. 1 CONTENTS …………………………………………………………………………………………….. ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………………………………………………. 9 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND OF MYSORE URBAN REGION……………………. 12 MYSORE – THE CITY …………………………………………………………………………….. 12 Origin of Name……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13 History ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 Palaces in Mysore………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13 Mysore Dasara ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14 Other Attractions of Mysore…………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………. 15 Economy …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 Connectivity………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17 Educational and research institutions…………………………………………………………………………………………… 18 Spiritual Tourism………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19 CHAPTER 2: HERITAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF MYSORE …………………….. 0 Heritage component…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20 Architecture styles of Heritage buildings in Mysore………………………………………………………………………. 20 Indo – Sarcenic Buildings ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20 Traditional Hindu Style……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Greco-Roman …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21 Gothic……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21 European Classical style ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22 Statutory & Legal Framework …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2 Statutes………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …. 22 Institutional set-up ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 Heritage Task Force ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23 Heritage strategy…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 Identification of heritage zones …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24 SWOT Analysis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24 Setting out objectives of Heritage Strategy…………………………………………………………………………………… 25 The other associated objectives of the same include the following: …………………………………………. 25 2 City Development Plan for Mysore

Selection, listing and grading of heritage structures ………………………………………………………………………. 25 Criteria for selection of heritage building …………………………………………………………………………………….. 25 Criteria for listing of heritage buildings ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 26 Criteria for grading of heritage building ………………………………………………………………………………………. 6 Grading of the listed buildings/listed precincts ……………………………………………………………………………… 26 Strategies for tapping heritage potential in Mysore ……………………………………………………………………….. 27 Valuation of Heritage Buildings …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28 Setting out activities for tapping the potential……………………………………………………………………………….. 9 Infrastructure……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30 Financial Arrangements:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30 Financing Plan: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 31 Action Plan …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING URBAN SITUATION……………………… 32 SUMMARY STATISTICS…………………………………………………………………………. 32 DEMOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………………… 32 Population Forecast …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33 LAND USE PATTERN…………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Land use (1995) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 34 Land use (2001) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35 Land use (2011) ………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………… 35 Urban Poor …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY…………………………………………………………. 43 Mysore City Corporation (MCC)…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 43 Important Obligatory Functions of MCC……………………………………………………………………………………… 44 Important Discretionary Functions of MCC …………………………………………………………………………………. 5 Functions transferred to MCC under 74th Constitutional Amendment………………………………………………. 45 Mysore Urban Development Authority (MUDA) ………………………………………………………………………….. 45 Functions of MUDA …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 46 Organization…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 The Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board (KUWSDB)…………………………………………. 47 Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) ……………………………………………………………… 48 Public Works Department …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 48 Zoo Authority……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9 Department of Archaeology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49 Lake Development Authority……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 49 Role of Private Sector ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 49 3 City Development Plan for Mysore URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES ………………………………………………….. 1 SERVICE INDICATORS ………………………………………………………………………….. 51 Water Supply………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 52 Sewerage …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 56 Solid Waste Management…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 0 Roads and transportation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 68 Storm Water Drainage ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 74 Public Health & Stray Animals ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 75 Public Conveniences ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 Parks, Gardens & Water bodies…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 75 Naming of Streets & Numbering of Houses…………………………………………………………….. ……………………. 76 Burial grounds & Crematoriums …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 76 Parking lots…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6 Birth & Death Registration………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 76 Property Registers ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 76 Environmental Services……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 76 MYSORE – A COMPETITIVE IT DESTINATION ………………………………………… 6 Key Observations:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 77 CITIZEN CHARTER ……………………………………………………………………………….. 77 INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT IN MYSORE – KUIDP………………………….. 77 Best Practices………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8 Slum Improvement……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 78 Improvement of Water Supply & Sewerage Networks …………………………………………………………………… 79 Outer Ring Road ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 79 Project Coding………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9 FINANCIAL PROFILE OF MCC ……………………………………………………………….. 80 Municipal Revenue Income………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 80 Municipal Revenue Expenditure ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 80 Municipal Capital Receipts and Expenditure ……………………………………………………………………………….. 1 Water-supply & Sewerage Expenditure & Income ……………………………………………………………………….. 81 4 City Development Plan for Mysore Cost-recovery in Urban Infrastructure…………………………………………………………………………………………. 83 Investments in Urban Infrastructure ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 83 CHAPTER 4: DEVELOPMENT OF A VISION FOR MYSORE………………………. 85 THE CONSULTATION PROCESS……………………………………………………………. 5 Stakeholder Meetings ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 85 Coverage for the CDP………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 87 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS ……………………………………………………………… 87 Strengths…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 Weakness ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 88 VISION STATEMENT ……………………………………………………………………………… 88 Key Elements of Vision………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 88 And What The Vision DOES NOT Envisage………………………………………………………………………………… 9 Key Result Areas…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 89 General Statement of Objectives – The Vision Statement………………………………………………………………. 90 Specific Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 91 Tourism …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Wellness………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 92 Handicrafts/ Sericulture …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 93 Education ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 93 Information Technology/ ITeS/Bio-technology …………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Sector-specific Targets…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 94 Targets for Water & Sanitation …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 95 Targets for Urban Roads ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 95 Targets for Solid Waste Management ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 Targets for BSUP ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 96 Quality of Life Ideas ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 97 Mapping of Objectives……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 100 Project Prioritization …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 02 CHAPTER 5 – BASIC SERVICES TO THE URBAN POOR ……………………….. 104 SCENARIO IN KARNATAKA…………………………………………………………………. 104 MYSORE SCENARIO …………………………………………………………………………… 104 5 City Development Plan for Mysore PAST RESPONSES ……………………………………………………………………………… 108 HOLISTIC APPROACH…………………………………………………………………………. 08 Policy of Slum Improvement………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 108 CONCEPT & RESETTLEMENT PROPOSAL …………………………………………… 109 GOALS OF BSUP COMPONENT …………………………………………………………… 110 Infrastructure Requirements ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 112 Housing …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12 Drinking Water ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 112 Underground Drain …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 112 Storm Water Drain ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 112 Street Lighting………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13 Roads…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 113 Community Centre ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 113 Primary Health Care & IEC Activities……………………………………………………………………………………….. 113 Low Cost Sanitation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13 Skill Up-gradation Program ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 113 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………………………. 114 Housing …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 114 Infrastructure Cost ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14 Project Cost ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 114 Beneficiary Contribution………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 114 CHAPTER 6 – IMPLEMENTING THE VISION (THE CIP) …………………………… 115 BASIC FRAMEWORK…………………………………………………………………………… 115 ASSESSING THE INVESTMENTS REQUIRED………………………………………… 15 Assumptions for the Assessments ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 116 Heritage Conservation and Tourism…………………………………………………………………………………………… 117 Water Supply & Sewerage …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 119 Municipal Solid Waste Management ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22 Collection and Transportation of MSW ……………………………………………………………………………………… 122 Treatment and Disposal of MSW……………………………………………………………….. …………………………….. 122 Basic Services to the Urban Poor………………………………………………………………………………………………… 124 Roads………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25 Transport Related Infrastructure ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 127 Urban Spaces…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 130 6 City Development Plan for Mysore Summary of Infrastructure Investments …………………………………………………………………………………….. 132 CHAPTER 7 – FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS………………………… 33 MCC FINANCIAL SUMMARY – CURRENT……………………………………………… 133 Receipts…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 133 Components of Receipts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 134 Expenditure & Surplus (Deficit)…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35 Components of Expenditure ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 135 PROJECTED RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE OF MCC ………………………….. 136 Receipts…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 136 Expenditure ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 38 Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 139 THE FINANCING PLAN ………………………………………………………………………… 140 CONCLUSIONS …………………………………………………………………………………… 142 THE INSTITUTIONAL REFORM AGENDA………………………………………………. 143 URBAN GOVERNANCE BACKGROUND ……………………………………………….. 43 Core Focus Should be Service Delivery ………………………………………………………………………………………. 144 Mutual Accountability between Service Provider & Citizen ………………………………………………………… 144 Financial Resource Situation of ULBs ………………………………………………………………………………………… 144 Framework Conditions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 45 Challenges of Decentralized Frameworks & Capacity Creation …………………………………………………… 146 CONTEXT MYSORE ………………………………………………………………….. ………… 146 Summary of Current Situation…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 146 Issues to Address……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 47 Financial …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 148 Introduction of Accrual Based Accounting System in MCC: ………………………………………………………… 148 Skill Transfer………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 148 Increase in MCC Income ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 48 Property Tax Reform……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 148 7 City Development Plan for Mysore E-Governance Mysore …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 148 Capacity Building ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 49 Training and Exposure programs ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 149 Other Components in Capacity Building ……………………………………………………………………………………. 150 Participatory Governance ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 150 Automation of Municipal Functions & E-Governance …………………………………………………………………. 50 Continuing Stakeholder Interactions ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 150 Transparency & Accountability ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 151 Land-use & Planning…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 151 Infrastructure Management……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 52 Asset Management vs. Asset Creation ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 152 Linking Reform to Development Projects…………………………………………………………………………………… 153 Professional Delivery of Services ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 153 Implementation, Sequencing & Prioritization of Reform …………………………………………………………….. 54 State and City role…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 154 8 City Development Plan for Mysore ABBREVIATIONS ADB ASI BMIC BOT/ BOOT BSUP CAGR CDP CIP CITB DMA DSCR IT/ BT FY GoK JNNURM KSCB KSRTC KTCP Act KTPP Act KUIDP KUWASIP KUWSDB LDA MCC MGD/ MLD MUDA NGO ODP PPP PSP PWD RWA SHG STP UFW ULB Asian Development Bank Archaeological Society of India Bangalore Mysore Infrastructure Corridor Build-Own-(Operate)-Transfer Basic Services to the Urban Poor Compounded Annual Growth Rate City Development Plan City Investment Plan City

Improvement Trust Board Directorate of Municipal Administration Debt Service Coverage Ratio Information Technology/ Bio-technology Financial Year (April to March) Government of Karnataka Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission Karnataka Slum Clearance Board Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation Karnataka Town & Country Planning Act Karnataka Transparency in Public Procurements Act 1999 Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development Project Karnataka Urban Water Sector Improvement Project Karnataka Urban Water Supply & Drainage Board Lake Development Authority Mysore City Corporation Million gallons/ litres per day Mysore Urban Development Authority Non-Governmental Organisation Outline Development Plan Public-Private Partnership Private Sector Participation Public Works Department Residents Welfare Association Self-Help Group(s) Sewage Treatment Plant Unaccounted-for-Water Urban Local Body (and where the context admits in this document, MCC) 9 City Development Plan for Mysore Tables Table 1: Tourist Inflow – Major Tourist Centres in Mysore (lakhs) …………………………………………………. 16 Table 2: Share of Mysore District in State GDP (%)………………………………………………………………………. 17 Table 3: Educational and Research Institutes in Mysore……………………………………………………………….. 8 Table 4: Grading in Heritage Buildings……………………………………………………………………………………….. 27 Table 5: Percentage of Heritage Buildings renovated……………………………………………………………………. 31 Table 6: Historical Population Trends…………………………………………………………………………………………. 33 Table 7: Composition of Growth …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 33 Table 8: Population Forecast………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 Table 9: Landuse in 1995 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 34 Table 10: Landuse in 2001…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 35 Table 11: Proposed landuse in 2011………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35 Table 12: Mysore Slum Population………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39 Table 13: Number of Slums notified in past two decades ………………………………………………………………. 9 Table 14: List of Notified Slum……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41 Table 15: Goals and Visions for the Mission period 2007-12……………………………………………………………. 42 Table 16: Goals and Visions for the Mission period 2013-31……………………………………………………………. 42 Table 17: Role and Responsibilities for different Agencies …………………………………………………………….. 50 Table 18: Scores for Services ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 Table 19: Statistics for Current Status in Water Supply ………………………………………………………………….. 52 Table 20: Sources for Water Supply ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 53 Table 21: Overview of Water Supply…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 53 Table 22: Funds required for goals and Mission period (2007-12) for Water Supply ………………………….. 54 Table 23: Funds required for goals and Mission period (2013-31) for Water Supply ………………………….. 5 Table 24: Waste Water Disposal ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57 Table 25: Details of Sewerage Capacity for Drainage Districts……………………………………………………….. 57 Table 26: Areas covered in various Drainage Districts …………………………………………………………………… 58 Table 27: Funds required for goals and Mission period (2007-12) for Drainage………………………………… 59 Table 28: Funds required for goals and Mission period (2013-31) for Drainage ………………………………… 9 Table 29: Current Status for Solid Waste Management ………………………………………………………………….. 60 Table 30: List of wards with access to centralized and decentralized facilities …………………………………. 62 Table 31: Ward Wise Waste Generators………………………………………………………………………………………… 63 Table 32: Proposed activities to achieve efficiency in Solid Waste Management………………………………. 65 Table 33: Funds required for goals and Mission period (2007-12) for solid waste management …………. 67 Table 34: Funds required for goals and Mission period (2013-31) for solid waste management………….. 7 Table 35: Details for key roads in Mysore …………………………………………………………………………………….. 68 Table 36: Current status of Roads ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 68 Table 37: Statistics on vehicular growth……………………………………………………………………………………….. 70 Table 38: Status of Street Lighting ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 71 Table 39: Funds required for goals and Mission period (2007-12) for Roads…………………………………….. 3 Table 40: Funds required for goals and Mission period (2013-31) for Roads…………………………………….. 73 Table 41: Summary of investments in various sectors ……………………………………………………………………. 78 Table 42: Revenues of MCC over a period ……………………………………………………………………………………. 80 Table 43: Revenue and Expenditure ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 80 Table 44: Share of State Government and Financial Institutions…………………………………………………….. 1 Table 45: Municipal Capital Expenditure…………………………………………………………………………………….. 81 Table 46: Income and Expenditure from Water Supply and Sewerage Services ……………………………….. 82 Table 47: Water Tariffs for Domestic and Non-Domestic Connections…………………………………………… 83 Table 48: Water Tariffs for Commercial Connections ……………………………………………………………………. 83 Table 49: Cost recovery in various Urban Infrastructure Services……………………………………………………. 83 Table 50: Aggregate Investment in Urban Infrastructure between FY02 and FY05…………………………… 4 Table 51: Key Responses and Priorities by Stakeholders for different Infrastructure needs ……………….. 86 Table 52: Area as per CDP for Mysore Urban Agglomeration ………………………………………………………… 87 Table 53: Targets for Water and Sanitation…………………………………………………………………………………… 95 Table 54: Targets for Urban Roads ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 95 Table 55: Targets for Solid Waste Management ……………………………………………………………………………. 5 Table 56: Targets for BSUP ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 96 Table 57: Summary of Sectoral Theme ………………………………………………………………………………………. 102 Table 58: Current Status for Slum dwellers …………………………………………………………………………………. 105 10 City Development Plan for Mysore Table 59: Mysore (MC) Slum population…………………………………………………………………………………… 105 Table 60: Number of Slums notified in past two decades …………………………………………………………….. 05 Table 61: Location of slums, their types and number of households ……………………………………………… 106 Table 62: List of sites allotted by KSCB and proposed number of houses………………………………………. 109 Table 63: Houses in G+ 1 or G+2 configuration (in cities) …………………………………………………………… 112 Table 64: Investments Projects and their Time Horizon ……………………………………………………………… 118 Table 65: Investment in water supply and sewerage and their time horizon…………………………………… 121 Table 66: Investment in Municipal Solid waste management and the time horizon ……………………….. 23 Table 67: Investment in basic services for the urban poor and the time horizon …………………………….. 124 Table 68: Investment in Roads and the time horizon…………………………………………………………………… 126 Table 69: Investment in transport related infrastructure and the time horizon ……………………………….. 128 Table 70: Investment in Urban Spaces and the time horizon………………………………………………………… 131 Table 71: Summary of cost of land and rolling stock ……………………………………………………………………. 132 Table 72: Summary excluding cost of land and rolling stock………………………………………………………… 32 Table 73: Summary of MCC’s Receipts………………………………………………………………………………………. 133 Table 74: Components of Receipts…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 134 Table 75: MCC’s Expenditure & Surplus (Deficit)………………………………………………………………………. 135 Table 76: Proportion of components of Expenditure …………………………………………………………………… 135 Table 77: Details of Property Tax………………………………………………………………………………………………. 37 Table 78: Details of Water Charges ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 137 Table 79: projections of Receipts ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 138 Table 80: Projection of Expenses ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 138 Table 81: Summary of Projected Finances ………………………………………………………………………………….. 139 Table 82: Project Cost – Means of Finance…………………………………………………………………………………. 41 Table 83: Sequencing of Mandatory Reforms……………………………………………………………………………… 155 Table 84: Sequencing of Optional Reforms ………………………………………………………………………………… 155 11 City Development Plan for Mysore CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND OF MYSORE URBAN REGION MYSORE – The City known for its palaces and proximity to several attractions. Mysore is also well known for its ten-day Dasara festival, a hallmark of the old Kingdom of Mysore, which usually occurs annually in early September-October. Mysore is an educational, commercial and administrative centre and also an important tourist and heritage centre.

It is well connected to the adjoining States of Kerala (Wynad, Calicut) and Tamil Nadu (Ooty, Coimbatore) through roads. Mysore, the cultural capital of the State, was the home for many great musicians, music composers, dancers and Sanskrit scholars. Mysore University and many other academic and scientific institutions are situated here. This obviously led to the city boasting of great scholars, writers, and, in general, intellectuals. Post M ysore (Kannada: ) – the name evokes images of palaces, of tranquillity, of rich culture and heritage! Mysore is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka, and the administrative seat of Mysore District, one of the largest districts in Karnataka.

Mysore was the former capital of the Kingdom of Mysore. Mysore is located at 770 m above sea level at 12. 18° N 76. 42° E and is 135 km from Bangalore, the state capital. The city is 12 City Development Plan for Mysore independence, Bangalore became the State capital and later the economic hub of the State, and country. Mysore has however retained its heritage and charm. However, the economic growth of Bangalore, and the ‘push-effect’ of its high-technology industrialization are going to have a significant demographic and economic impact. The challenge for Mysore is to absorb and encourage growth, without compromising on its heritage, culture, and pleasant life-style. Origin of Name

According to Hindu legend, the area around Mysore city was once the domain of the demon king Mahishasura, who grew almost invincible and wreaked havoc on the world. The Goddess Chamundeshwari vanquished the demon in a humungous struggle waged over a period of 10 days. Goddess Chamundeshwari is also known by the name Mahishasura Mardhini (Slayer of Mahisha). The battle became a festive event, which the annual 10-day Dasara festival commemorates to this day. The name Mysore is the anglicised version of Mahisuru which is derived from Mahisha. This legend, important in Hindu mythology, renders the temple of the Goddess Chamundeshwari, located atop Chamundi Hills in Mysore, an important place of pilgrimage.

Mahabharata and Asoka refer to Mahisha Nadu or Mahisha Mandala. References can also be found in Tamil literature about Ezimahi Nadu. The earliest documented evidence of the town is in the form of stone carvings (Saasanas) found in villages around Mysore, inscribed around 1021 AD. From 1499 the name Mahisuru has been recorded in inscriptions. Till the year 1610, when Srirangapatnam was acquired, Mysore was the centre of administration. It became the capital of the Kingdom of Mysore after the death of Tippu Sultan in 1799. The administrative centre was shifted to Bangalore in 1831, as the British moved their garrison from Srirangapatnam to Bangalore, thereby establishing the Bangalore Cantonment.

Mysore once again became the capital of the kingdom in 1881 with the rendition of power by the British to the Wodeyars. Most present day historical landmarks, and organisation of the city of Mysore were inspirations of the Wodeyar kings and their Dewans. Plans for organised development of the city exist as far back as 1904. Several structures were built around late 1800’s and early 1900’s. Palaces in Mysore Mysore is called the City of Palaces as a number of palaces are situated in the city, including the following: History The history of Mysore has been closely linked with the history of the Kingdom of Mysore. References from the times of 13 City Development Plan for Mysore Prominent palaces

Amba Vilas (Main Mysore Palace) Rajendra Vilas (also called the summer palace, situated on top of the Chamundi hills) Jaganmohana Palace Jayalakshmi Vilas (now in the University of Mysore premises) Lalitha Mahal (now converted into a hotel). programs highlighting the dance, music and culture of the State of Karnataka are performed. Musicians and dancers from other States are also invited to give performances. Mysore Palace is illuminated on all the ten days and Other palaces Chittaranjan Palace (now the Green Hotel, was also the Premier Studios) Cheluvamba Mansion (now in the CFTRI premises) Karanji Mansion (now the Postal Training Institute) Lokaranjan Mahal (next to the Mysore Zoo) Crawford Hall (University Administrative Building). The original main palace of Mysore was burnt down in 1897 and the present day structure was built over the same site.

The present Palace exhibits a mixture of architectural styles, including the Dravidian, Indo-Sarcenic, Roman, and Oriental. The erstwhile Royal family continues to live in a portion of the Palace. The Jayalakshhmi Vilas Mansion, was constructed by Sri Chamaraja Wodeyar for his daughter Jayalakshammanni. The Jayalakshmi Vilas is now a museum dedicated to folk culture. A new gallery is being added for artefacts and collections of the Wodeyars of Mysore. prominent cultural programs are held in the grounds surrounding the palace. The festivities commence with a pooja performed to the Goddess Chamundeshwari atop the Chamundi Hills in the presence of the Wodeyar royal couple, Ministers & high-ranking officials in the Government of Karnataka, and other invitees.

One of the main attractions of the festival is the Dasara exhibition which starts during the Dasara and continues for around two months. It is held in grounds opposite to the Mysore Palace, and contains stalls selling articles like clothing, plastic and glass ware, food stalls, stalls highlighting the various departments of Government of Karnataka, and also a play area where people can participate in games and amusement rides. Another attraction is the wrestling tournament which is held in the Devraj Urs stadium adjoining the Dasara exhibition grounds. Wrestlers from around India participate in this tournament, which attracts a sizeable audience. Mysore Dasara

Dasara is the Nadahabba (State festival) of Karnataka State, and Mysore is well known for the festivities that take place during the Dasara period. Also termed as Navaratri (meaning nine-nights), it is a ten-day festival that usually falls in the months of September-October. During this period, various cultural and religious 14 City Development Plan for Mysore St. Philomena’s Church (smaller scale reproduction of the Cologne Cathedral) Lakes and Gardens Kukkarahalli Lake Pushpakaashi (Flower garden) Karanji Lake Lingambudhi Lake Dalvoy Lake Bogadi Lake Krishna Raja Sagara Brindavan Gardens The conclusion of the festivities is marked by a colourful Dasara procession (popularly known as Jamboo Savari).

The main attraction of the procession is the idol of Goddess Chamundeshwari which is carried in a Golden howdah on top of an elephant. Various tableaux created by different State organisations participate in the procession. Musical bands belonging to State Police lend music to the procession. The culminating program of the Dasara festivities is the torch-light parade (also known as Panjina Kavayatthu) held during the evening and night in the Bannimantap grounds on the outskirts of the city. It is followed by a dazzling display of fireworks. A Laser show has been added recently to the program. Additional buses and trains are organised from Bangalore to Mysore during the Dasara Period.

Museums and Zoos Railway Museum Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens known popularly as Mysore Zoo Natural History Museum (adjoins Karanji Lake) Locations and Theatres Manasagangotri (Mysore University Campus) Kalamandira & Rangayana (Adjoins Kalamandira) Commerce and Industry Mysore Silk Factory Nearby Locations Some nearby tourist locations also form a part of the Mysore tourist circuit. Some major ones are listed below: Krishna Raja Sagara (KRS) dam is located across the Kaveri River, in the Mandya District near Mysore. There is an ornamental garden attached to the dam, called Brindavan gardens, making it a popular tourist place and picnic location.

Srirangapatnam (Seringapatam), an island fortress-city that also served as the capital of the Kingdom of Mysore has been an urban center and place of pilgrimage. The town has been named after the celebrated temple of Sri Ranganathaswamy, which dominates the town, making Srirangapattana 15 Other Attractions of Mysore Besides, the abovementioned Mysore offers a variety of other attractions, which have over the years attracted tourists from all over the world. These tourist destinations range from the religious to the museums and zoos in the city. These include the following: Places of worship The Chamundeshwari Temple Nandi the Bull (on the Chamundi Hills) City Development Plan for Mysore one of the most important Vaishnavite centers of pilgrimage in south India.

The temple was built by the Ganga dynasty rulers of the area in the 9th century. Melukote situated north – east of Mysore city houses the famous and holy shrine of Sri Vaishnavites and a centre for learning Sanskrit. The town rose to cultural and religious importance in the 12th century AD when the great South Indian philosopher and teacher, Sri Ramanuja lived in the town. The famous temples located here are Cheluvanarayanaswamy temple within the township and Yoganarasimhaswamy temple on the hill overlooking Melukote. Kabini River Resort, located at around 80 kms from Mysore is rated among the top five wildlife resorts in the world by Tatler’s Travel Guide.

It is home to the Indian bison (locally known as “Gaur”), wild boar, elephants, leopards, chital, barking deer and the occasional tiger, the resort located on the side of the Nagarhole Wildlife Sanctuary is also famous for its birdlife. Bandipur National Park, a part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is one of India’s best known sanctuaries, and is an important Project Tiger reserve. It is located in the Chamarajanagar district of southern Karnataka in south India. It is home to around seventy tigers and over three thousand Asian elephants (as per the 1997 census), along with leopards, dholes, gaur and sloth bears. Madumalai Forest is primarily a tiger reserve.

Its wild life includes gaur, spotted deer, barking deer, sambar, flying squirrels, langur etc. and several species of bird life including migratory birds. The park , part of Niligiri biosphere reserve is close to and accessible from Ooty and Mysore. Nagarhole National Park is an all weather park located 96 km away from Mysore. The area contains the habitat of several rare and endangered species, notably the tiger. Rangantittu Bird Sanctuary is a Bird Sanctuary located on the BangaloreMysore Highway, close to the historic town of Srirangapatna in the Mysore District. It is a small sanctuary with an area of 67 sq. kms, and comprises six islets on the banks of the Kaveri River.

Somanathapura, an ancient temple of historical and archaeological importance is home to one of the Hoysala greatest examples of architecture of the Hoysala Empire. Balamuri and Edamuri (backwaters of the Kaveri River) Economy Tourism centred around numerous attractions and the Dasara Festival, contribute to the economy and fame of Mysore. The city is a host to an annual inflow of tourists to the tune of around 25 Lakhs annually. Around 95% of these are domestic tourists, while the rest are international tourists. Table 1: Tourist Inflow – Major Tourist Centres in Mysore (lakhs) 2001 Mysore Palace Art Gallery Zoo Brindavan Gardens Chamundi Hills 16. 11 2. 33 12. 92 24. 84 2002 14. 29 1. 97 11. 82 9. 82 2003 16. 45 2. 14 15. 96 18. 44 2004 18. 31 2. 29 15. 30 22. 94 35. 03 2005 20. 62 2. 42 16. 5 21. 25 70. 74 Other industries in Mysore include, manufacturing Tyres (Vikrant Tyres), Textiles (K. R. Mills, now Atlantic Mills), Electronic Systems (L & T), Bharath Earth Movers Ltd. (BEML), TVS, Silk Factory (KSIC) and Information Technology (Infosys, Wipro). Articles made of silk, lacquer, and Sandalwood are some of the most famous products of Mysore, making 16 City Development Plan for Mysore significant contributions commerce in Mysore. towards proximity, are having a ‘push effect’ on IT/ITeS industry to Mysore. The city’s share in the State GDP at 7. 09% (1996-97), has exhibited a marginal increase over the figure of 6. 63 % (198081).

However, with the IT companies establishing their bases in Mysore in the recent years, the city’s share in the state GDP is expected to improve. Table 2: Share of Mysore District in State GDP (%) 1980- 199681 97 Mysore’s share in State GDP (as %) 6. 63 7. 09 Primary Sector 7. 40 7. 28 Secondary Sector 6. 08 7. 33 Tertiary Sector 5. 97 6. 80 Source: Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Karnataka The industry experienced reverses during the last few decades, as some of the major units like Ideal Jawa (Automobiles), K. R. Mills (Textiles) closed down and several people became unemployed. However some revival efforts, like those of K. R.

Mills (Atlantic Mills) helped improve the situation. The Government of Karnataka is promoting Mysore as an alternative destination for the Information Technology (IT) industry and developing it as a counter magnet city to Bangalore. As a result the city has become a new haven for the IT and Information Technology Enabled Services (ITeS) industry and is poised to play bigger role in the economy of the city. This is apparent from the fact that the software exports from the city grew at 26. 8% to reach Rs. 392 crores, in the year 2005-06. As the divisional headquarters of Mysore Division and as the Railway Junction, railways is the other major employer in Mysore.

Improvements in infrastructure, like doubling of Railway tracks, completion of the four lane State-highway, the Bangalore – Mysore Infrastructure Corridor (BMIC) between Mysore and Bangalore, upgradation and expansion of the Mysore Airport will bring significant growth to the economy of Mysore. The congestion in Bangalore, as well as its Connectivity Mysore is the second biggest city in the state of Karnataka covering an area of 128 sq. kms. It is situated at 140 kms from Bangalore and is well connected by rail and road to all parts of the country. In order to improve air connectivity with the major cities of the country, upgradation and expansion of the existing airport is on the anvil. Highways The existing two-lane road linking Mysore 17 City Development Plan for Mysore o the state capital Bangalore is being upgraded to a four-lane highway and is nearing completion. This would assist in reducing time taken to travel significantly. National Highway 212, and State Highways 17, 33, 88 pass through Mysore connecting it to nearby cities. The expressway proposed under BMIC, when completed, would also reduce travel time considerably, as well as create new self-contained townships on the Bangalore – Mysore axis. of the airport. The redesign is expected to align the runway to run southeast to northwest. About 165 acres (approximately 0. 7 km? ) of land is expected to be acquired for extending the airport. This upgrade would allow planes with up to 50 seats to land and take off at the airport.

Educational institutions and research Inter-city Mysore has inter-city and sub-urban public bus transportation, albeit not very robust. The system operates from the ‘City Bus Stand’ connecting to most major sections of the city. Traditional means of transport available in other Indian cities like auto-rickshaws and taxis are also available. Tongas (horse-drawn carriages) are also available, but are becoming rare. Rail Mysore is the railway junction for the district, and rail lines connect Mysore city to Bangalore to the northeast via Mandya, and to the rail junction at Hassan to the northwest, to Chamarajanagar via Nanjangud to the southeast.

Mysore is a host to a number of educational & research institutions such as: Table 3: Educational and Research Institutes in Mysore Universities University of Mysore, Karnataka Open University Research Central Food Technological Institutes Research Institute, Central Institute of Indian Languages, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Rare Materials Project, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing Engineering Sri Jayachamarajendra College Colleges of Engineering, National Institute of Engineering, Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering Medical Mysore Medical College, JSS Colleges Medical College Dental JSS Dental College Colleges Pharmacy JSS College of Pharmacy Colleges Law Colleges JSS Law College, Vidyavardhaka Law College, Sarada Vilas College Air The lack of air connectivity could be a key reason for the difference in the development of Mysore, vis-a-vis Bangalore, which has one of the busiest airports in the country. The nearest accessible airport for Mysore is at Bangalore. The Mandkalli Airport, approximately 4 miles from the city, is currently inoperative, although paragliding and, occasionally, aeroplane rides are offered at this location. A memorandum of understanding has been signed between the Government of Karnataka and the Airports Authority of India, proposing a redesign and extension 18 City Development Plan for Mysore Arts, Commerce and Science Colleges

Management Colleges Maharaja’s College, Maharani’s College, Yuvaraja’s College, Sarada Vilas College, Mahajana College, Marimallappa’s College, JSS College, Teresian College, Regional College of Education SDM Institute for Management Development Spiritual Tourism Mysore is an important spiritual tourism destination Many Mysore yoga instructors draw international students for extended yoga programs, including Venkatesh Iyengar, and the well-known Pattabhi Jois. Renowned teachers of Sanskrit, kirtan (chant), Ayurveda and other yogic arts reside in Mysore. The Sri Ganapati Sachidananda Ashram welcomes visitors, as does the Indus Valley Ayurvedic Centre.

In addition to traditional Hindu spiritual methods, courses are available in Osho meditations, the Art of Living, Sahaj Marg, Reiki, Brahma, and many other systems. 19 City Development Plan for Mysore CHAPTER 2: Heritage Characteristics of Mysore Heritage Background The most imposing and majestic building in Mysore is the Palace of the Wodeyars. It is built in the Indo-Sarcenic style with traces of other architectural features from the East and the West. There are several palatial buildings originally built for the royal family, which now house the art gallery, Museums, luxury hotels, educational and research institutions and Government offices. Mysore is also famous for temples. Within the palace complex there are a number of temples built by the Wodeyars.

There are a few churches in Mysore built by the Europeans and St. Philomena’s Cathedral, built in gothic style is notable among them. Mysore also houses a few mosques. The Kutchi Moimen mosque built by the traders from Kutch (Gujarath) is a highly attractive structure. The era of Sri. Krishnaraja Wodeyar and Sir. M. Visweswaraya, and Sir Mirza Ismail witnessed a new concept of urban planning and architectural conceptualization of civic structures and monuments. Vast extent of land as dictated by the aesthetics of the structure was assigned to each individual building. A part of today’s Karnataka was identified formerly as the Mysore kingdom. Mysore city, used to be the capital of Mysore kingdom.

A reference to “Mysooru” is seen in an inscription of Kadalur dated 962 A. D. The Gangas built the Mahabala temple on the hill adjoining Mysore, in the year 950 A. D. and hence the hill came to be known as Mahabala Betta. The later rulers built a temple in honour of their deity goddess Chamundi and the hill came to be known Chamundi Hill. The Chalukyas, the Gangas, the Cholas, the Hoysalas and the Vijayanagara kings ruled over Mysore. The Wodeyars of Mysore, who were feudatories of Vijayanagara built a new fort in 1584 A. D. They have their indelible impression on the cultural legacy of the city. The benevolent kings and Administrators of Mysore promoted education and the all round development of society.

Architecture styles of Heritage buildings in Mysore Based on their architectural features, the heritage buildings of Mysore can be classified as Indo – Sarcenic, traditional Hindu, Greco-Roman, Gothic and the European classical styles. Heritage component Mysore city, one of the prime heritage cities, in the country combines historical facts and anecdotes with a harmonious combination of both natural and built heritage. In spite of the causalities of the modern-day approach to urban planning and civic architecture owing to lack of building space the city continues to retain its special characteristics as a native princely city. Indo – Sarcenic Buildings

Intricately executed multiple mouldings with a superb abundance of deeply sharpened fine carvings of scrolls, foliage, birds, animals and statuettes are the chief characteristics of the Hoysala/ Indo sarcenic style of architecture. 20 City Development Plan for Mysore The double storied verandahs on either side of the building with arched openings and pilasters, a fine portico with Byzantine arches over slender columns and minarets and projecting trellis work balconies are the definitive characte

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