The Fall And Rise Of Strategic Planning Essay

Henry Mintzberg is Cleghorn Professor of Management Studies, at the Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University in Montreal. His work has focused on the work of the director, and how directors are trained and developed. The writer or co-author of 15 books, Mintzberg is, possibly, best known for his work on organisational signifiers – placing five types of organisation: simple construction ; machine bureaucratism ; professional bureaucratism ; the divisionalized signifier ; and the adhocracy.

He is besides credited with progressing the thought of emergent scheme – the thought that effectual scheme emerges from conversations within an organisation instead than being imposed from on high. Mintzberg is a long clip critic of traditional MBA plans. His first book, A The Nature of Managerial WorkA ( 1973 ) challenged the established thought about the function of the director, and is one of the few books that really examine what directors do, instead than discoursing what they should make. Other high spots includeA The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning ( 1994 ) ; Directors Not MBAsA ( 2004 ) , andA ManagingA ( 2009 ) .This study nowadayss overview of his major plants.

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Introduction
An applied scientist by preparation, he received a PhD from MIT before fall ining McGill ‘s module of direction in 1968. He was the first Fellow to be elected to the Royal Society of Canada from the field of Management. He designed and developed the IMPM, the International Masters Program in Practicing Management, and a degree-level plan delivered in six states – Canada, England, France, India, Japan and Korea. It is a degree plan that focuses straight on the development of directors in their occupations and organisations.

Henry Mintzberg equates the procedure of scheme doing to the procedure of doing clayware. The strategian is similar toA a craftsman, or thrower in this instance. Mintzberg says, “ The crafting image better captures the procedure by which effectual schemes come to be ” . First, the thrower may make a merchandise that follows in the tradition of her past work, but she may besides make a work that breaks off from tradition in a new way. Similarly, schemes are forms that are put into action over clip ; but schemes may emerge in a different way than tradition has antecedently held. Second, scheme devising must be a calculated process-thought must predate action. But “ schemes can organize every bit good as be formulated. ” Third, strategians do non needfully hold to be top direction running an organisation but removed from the inner-workings of that organisation. Alternatively, like the thrower is closely connected with her work, strategians may be those most closely connected with the company and those products/services it sells. Strategists may be those on the forepart lines, so to talk.

Fourth, the thrower may neglect to do one piece, but the ball that remains may be formed into something wholly different. In the same manner, schemes can emerge any clip and at any topographic point ; mistakes themselves may go opportunities for chance. The image of a craftsman is person who is dedicated, passionate, closely involved with the stuffs, has a personal touch, has mastered the item of their art, and is experienced. The strategian must besides be person who is involved and connected with their industry and who is personally involved with the industrial procedures. Finally, merely as a craftsman may see things that other people miss, the strategian must be able to see emerging forms and steer them into topographic point as schemes.

Mintzberg ‘s major impact on the direction universe began with his book, A ‘The nature of managerial work ‘ which was published in 1973 and besides a seminal article in Harvard Business Review, A ‘The director ‘s occupation: folklore and fact’A which was written two old ages after the book.

These two plants established Mintzberg ‘s repute which showed research work done on what directors did, to successfully transporting out their duties, which were well different from the most of the theories learnt in MBA schoolrooms. Mintzberg ‘s direction thought is against the construct of holding one or two cagey theories within some narrow subject. His attack is simply wide plenty to affect virtually the survey of everything that directors do and how they do it. His entreaty was further enhanced by a belief that direction is about using human accomplishments to systems and non using systems to people. In all the articles of Mintzberg this belief is explained.

In his articleA ‘The director ‘s occupation: folklore and fact ‘ , A Mintzberg has set out the world of what directors do. A individual subject runs through the article and that is the force per unit areas of the occupation thrust that the director carry to take on excessively much work, react rapidly to each and every stimulation promote break, seek the touchable, determinations in little increases, avoid the abstract, do, and do everything suddenly.

Mintzberg, in this article has stressed the importance of the director ‘s function and the demand to understand it exhaustively before trying to develop and develop those engaged in transporting it out. “ No occupation is more critical to our society than that of the director. It is the director who determines whether our societal establishments serve us good or whether they squander our endowments and resources. It is clip to deprive away the folklore about managerial work, and clip to analyze it realistically so that we can get down the hard undertaking of doing important betterments in its public presentation. ”

InA The nature of managerial work, Mintzberg proposes six features of direction work and ten basic direction functions. As per him, these features and functions apply to all direction occupations, from supervisor to main executive.

The six features are:

1. The director ‘s occupation is a mixture of regular, programmed occupations and unprogrammed undertakings.

2. A director is both a Renaissance man and a specializer.

3. Directors rely on information from all beginnings but show a penchant for that which is orally transmitted.

4. Managerial work is made up of activities that are characterized by brevity, assortment and atomization.

5. Management work is more an art than a scientific discipline and is reliant on intuitive procedures and a feel for what is right.

6. Management work is going more complex.

The 10 functions that he believes do up the content of the director ‘s occupation are divided into three classs:

1. Interpersonal
a ) A FigureheadA – executing symbolic responsibilities as a representative of the organisation.

B ) A LeaderA – set uping the ambiance and actuating the subsidiaries.

degree Celsius ) A LiaiserA – development and keeping webs of contacts outside the organisation.

2. Information
a ) A MonitorA – roll uping all types of information that are relevant and utile to the organisation.

B ) A DisseminatorA – conveying information from outside the organisation to those inside.

degree Celsius ) A SpokesmanA – conveying information from inside the organisation to foreigners.

3. Decision-making
a ) A EntrepreneurA – initiating alteration and accommodating to the environment.

B ) A Disturbance HandlerA – covering with unexpected events.

degree Celsius ) A Resource AllocatorA – make up one’s minding on the usage of organisational resources.

vitamin D ) A NegotiatorA – negociating with persons and covering with other organisations.

The Structure of Organizations
In his book, A ‘The structuring of organisations ‘ , Mintzberg has identified five types of `ideal ‘ organisation constructions. Following are the more elaborate position of organisation types drawn up:

The entrepreneurial organisation: Having little staff, loose division of labour, have little direction hierarchy, being informal with power focused on the main executive.

The machine organizationA : extremely specialized, big runing units, everyday operating undertakings, formal communicating, luxuriant administrative systems, undertakings grouped under maps, cardinal determination devising and a crisp differentiation between line and staff.

The diversified organisation: a set of semi-autonomous units under a cardinal administrative construction. These units are called divisions and are centrally administered called as headquarter.

The professional organisation: found in infirmaries, universities, public bureaus and houses bring forthing standardised merchandises or services and making everyday work, this construction relies on the accomplishments and cognition of professional staff in order to map.

The advanced organisation: Mintzberg ‘s definition of modern organisation, flexible, rejecting any signifier of bureaucratism and avoiding accent on planning and control systems. Innovation achieved by engaging experts, giving them power, preparation and developing them and using them in multi-discipline squads that work in an ambiance unbounded by conventional specialism and distinction.

The missional organisation: Here, mission is counted above everything else. The mission is clear, focused, typical and animating. Staff readily identifies with it and portions common values. They are motivated by their ain ardor and enthusiasm.

Mintzberg defines, the undermentioned mechanisms, sing the coordination between different undertakings:

1. Common accommodation, to accomplish coordination by the simple procedure of informal communicating.

2. Direct supervising, achieved by holding one individual issue orders or instructions to several others whose work interrelates ( as when a foreman tells others what is to be done )

3. Standardization of work procedures, achieves coordination by stipulating the work processes of people transporting out interconnected undertakings ( criterions developed in the techno-structure to be carried out in the operating nucleus, as in the instance of the work instructions that come out of clip and gesture surveies )

4. Standardization of end products, which achieves coordination by stipulating the consequences of different work ( developed in the techno-structure, as in a fiscal program that specifies subunit public presentation marks or specifications that outline the dimensions of a merchandise to be produced )

5. Standardization of accomplishments and cognition, in which different work is coordinated by virtuousness of the related preparation given to the workers ( as in medical specializers, a sawbones and an anesthesiologist in an operating room, reacting about automatically to each other ‘s standardised processs )

6. Standardization of norms, in which the norms inculcating the work that are controlled, normally for the full organisation, so that everyone maps harmonizing to the same set of beliefs.

Harmonizing to the organisational constellations theoretical account of Mintzberg each organisation can dwell of a upper limit of six basic parts:

1. Strategic Apex ( top direction )

2. In-between Line ( in-between direction )

3. Operating Core ( operations, operational procedures )

4. Techno-structure ( analysts that design systems, procedures, etc. )

5. Support Staff ( support outside of operating work flow )

6. Ideology ( aura of beliefs and traditions ; norms, values, civilization )

Scheme and planning
The relationship between scheme and planning is a changeless subject in Mintzberg ‘s authorship and his positions on the topic are considered to be of contributed significantly to the current direction thought. In his 1994 book, ‘The rise and autumn of Strategic Planning ‘ , Mintzberg produces a unfavorable judgment on conventional theory.

He believes that there are some failures in traditional apprehension of be aftering process.

Procedures – the luxuriant procedures use to make bureaucratism and suppress invention and originality.

Data – `hard ‘ informations ( the natural stuff of all strategians ) provides information, but `soft ‘ informations, provides wisdom: ‘Hard information can be no better and is frequently at times far worse than soft information ‘ .

Detachment – Mintzberg dismisses the procedure of bring forthing schemes in ivory towers i.e. he believes that effectual strategians ca n’t be made by people who are at a distance from the item of a concern. They should be the 1s who have immersed themselves in it, while being able to abstract the strategic messages from it.

He sees scheme non as the effect of planning but the opposite: StrategiesA illustrate the construct of the delicate, painstaking procedure of developing scheme – a procedure of outgrowth that is far off from the classical image of strategians grouped around a tabular array foretelling the hereafter. He argues that while an organisation needs a scheme, strategic programs are by and large useless as one can non foretell two to three old ages in front.

5 P ‘s of Strategy
To develop apprehension of scheme Mintzberg developed what is known as the 5 Ps of Strategy. These are:

Strategy asA Plan

Scheme as Intended Pattern

Scheme as Emergent/Unintended Pattern

Scheme as Position

Scheme as Position

Strategy asA Plan:
Mintzberg defined it as someA kind of consciously intended class of action, a guideline ( or set of guidelines ) to cover with a situation.A TheA illustration of Game Theory, whereA Strategy is nil but a complete program: a program that specifies what choices [ the participant ] will do in every possible state of affairs.

Rebuilding Companies as Communities
Community means caring about our work, our co-workers, and our topographic point in the universe, geographic and otherwise, and in bend being inspired by this lovingness. Tellingly, some of the companies we admire most-Toyota, Semco ( Brazil ) , Mondragon ( a Basque federation of co-ops ) , Pixar, and so on-typically have this strong sense of community. Young, successful companies normally have this sense of community. They are turning, energized, committed to their people, about a household.

But prolonging it with the oncoming of adulthood can be another affair: Thingss slow down, political relations builds up, and the universe is no longer their oyster. Community is sometimes easier to continue in the societal sector-with NGOs, not-for-profits, and co-ops. The mission may be more piquant, and the people more occupied. But someway, in our feverish, individualist universe, the sense of community has been lost in excessively many companies and other organisations. In the United States in peculiar, many great endeavors, along with the state ‘s legendary sense of endeavor, have been fall ining as a effect.

The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning
When strategic planning was defined the mid-1960s, corporate leaders embraced it as “ the 1 best manner ” to invent and implement schemes that would heighten the fight of each concern unit. For the scientific direction pioneered by Frederick Taylor, this involved dividing believing from making and making a new map by holding specializers like strategic contrivers. Planing systems were expected to bring forth the best schemes every bit good as bit-by-bit instructions for transporting out these schemes so that the directors could non acquire them incorrect.

Strategic planning has long since fallen from its base. But even now followed by people as really few understand that strategic planningA is notA strategic thought. Strategic be aftering frequently spoils strategic thought, by doing directors to confound existent vision with the use of Numberss. This confusion lies at the bosom of the issue i.e. the most successful schemes are visions and non programs.

Strategic planning has really beenA strategic scheduling, A the articulation and amplification of schemes, or visions, that already be. Mintzberg says after understanding the difference between be aftering and strategic thought, companies can acquire back to what the strategy-making procedure should be i.e. capturing what the director learns from all beginnings ( both the soft penetrations from his or her personal experiences and the experiences of others throughout the organisation and the difficult informations from market research and the similar ) and so synthesising that larning into a vision of the way that the concern should prosecute.

This does n’t connote that organisations, which have disenchanted with strategic planning, are needed to acquire rid of their contrivers or conclude that there is no demand for programming. In fact, organisations should transform the conventional planning occupations. Planners should execute the function of supplying the formal analyses or difficult informations required by the strategic minds and hence should do their part in scheme devising procedure. Hence, contrivers should move as accelerators back uping scheme devising by helping and promoting directors to believe strategically. Therefore, they can be coders of a scheme, assisting to stipulate concrete stairss needed to transport out the vision.

By redefining the contriver ‘s occupation, companies will admit the difference between be aftering and strategic thought. Planning has ever been aboutA analysis about interrupting down a end or set of purposes into stairss, formalising those stairss so that they can be implemented about automatically, and jointing the awaited effects or consequences of each measure. This has been accepted by Michael Porter, who is known as the most widely read author on scheme.

Strategic thought, is aboutA synthesis. It involves intuition and creativeness. The result of strategic thought is an incorporate position of the endeavor, a not-too-precisely articulated vision of way, such as the vision of Jim Clark, the laminitis of Silicon Graphics, that 3-dimensional ocular computer science is the manner to do computing machines easier to utilize.

Such schemes ca n’t be developed on schedule footing and ca n’t be immaculately conceived. They should be free to look at any clip and at any topographic point in the organisation through the procedures of informal acquisition that must needfully be carried out by people at assorted degrees who are profoundly involved with the specific issues at manus.

Crafting Scheme
Imagine person planning scheme. What likely springs to mind is an image of orderly thought: a senior director, or a group of them, sitting in an office formulating classs of action that everyone else will implement on agenda. The keynote is reason-rational control, the systematic analysis of rivals and markets, of company strengths and failings, the combination of these analyses bring forthing clear, expressed, matured schemes.

Now imagine someoneA craftingA scheme. A entirely different image likely consequences, as different from be aftering as trade is from mechanisation. Craft evokes traditional accomplishment, dedication, flawlessness through the command of item. What springs to mind is non so much thought and ground as engagement, a feeling of familiarity and harmoniousness with the stuffs at manus, developed through long experience and committedness. Formulation and execution merge into a unstable procedure of larning through which originative schemes evolve.

My thesis is simple: the crafting image better captures the procedure by which effectual schemes come to be. The planning image, long popular in the literature, distorts these procedures and thereby misguides organisations that embrace it unreservedly.

In developing this thesis, I shall pull on the experiences of a individual craftsman, a thrower, and compare them with the consequences of a research undertaking that tracked the schemes of a figure of corporations across several decennaries. Because the two contexts are so evidently different, my metaphor, like my averment, may look farfetched at first. Yet if we think of a craftsman as an organisation of one, we can see that he or she must besides decide one of the great challenges the corporate strategian faces: cognizing the organisation ‘s capablenesss good plenty to believe profoundly plenty about its strategic way. By sing scheme devising from the position of one individual, free of all the gear of what has been called the scheme industry, we can larn something about the formation of scheme in the corporation. For much as our thrower has to pull off her trade, so excessively directors have to craft their scheme.

At work, the thrower sits before a ball of clay on the wheel. Her head is on the clay, but she is besides cognizant of sitting between her past experiences and her future chances. She knows precisely what has and has non worked for her in the yesteryear. She has an intimate cognition of her work, her capablenesss, and her markets. As a craftsman, she senses instead than analyse these things ; her cognition is “ silent. ” All these things are working in her head as her custodies are working the clay. The merchandise that emerges on the wheel is likely to be in the tradition of her past work, but she may interrupt away and ship on a new way. Even so, the yesteryear is no less present, projecting itself into the hereafter.

In my metaphor, directors are craftsmen and scheme is their clay. Like the thrower, they sit between a yesteryear of corporate capablenesss and a hereafter of market chances. And if they are genuinely craftsmen, they bring to their work an every bit intimate cognition of the stuffs at manus. That is the kernel of crafting scheme.

In this article, we will research this metaphor by looking at how schemes get made as opposed to how they are supposed to acquire made. Throughout, I will be pulling on the two sets of experiences I ‘ve mentioned. One, described in the sidebar, is a research undertaking on forms in scheme formation that has been traveling on at McGill University under my way since 1971. The 2nd is the watercourse of work of a successful thrower, my married woman, who began her trade in 1967.

The Five Minds of a Manager
The CEO of a Canadian company has late complained that he was non able to acquire his applied scientists to believe like directors. Such a ailment is common in nature, but behind it lays an uncommon of import inquiry: What does it intend to believe like a director?

We do n’t see much attending paid to reply that inquiry in ulterior old ages. Many of us have become enamored of “ leading ” so much that “ direction ” has been pushed into the background. Now yearss, we do n’t see anybody draw a bead oning to go a good director ; in fact everybody, wants to be known as a great leader. But we ignore that the separation of direction from leading is harmful. As we know that direction without leading encourages an uninspired manner, which deadens activities. In contrast, Leadership without direction encourages a staccato manner, which promotes hubris. Knowing the destructive power of hubris in organisations we should acquire back to old direction.

The lone job is that the field old direction is relatively more complicated and hence, confounding. Directors are asked to be planetary and besides to be local to join forces and to vie in the market. Show alteration, perpetually to keep order. Make the Numberss even while fostering your people. Now the inquiry is how anyone is supposed to accommodate all this? The world is that no 1 can really make it. For going effectual, directors have to confront the appositions so that they can get at a deep integrating of these apparently contradictory concerns. This means that directors must concentrate non merely on what precisely they have to carry through but besides on how they have to believe. Basically, directors need to hold different “ mentalities. ”

Helping directors to appreciate this was the challenge they had set for themselves in the mid-1990s the clip, when they had began to develop a new maestro ‘s plan for the directors for practising. They had guessed that they ca n’t trust on the usual format of the MBA instruction, which really divides the direction universe into field like map of selling, accounting, finance, and so on. Their purpose was fundamentally to educate directors who were coming out of such narrow mentalities. They wanted to hold a new construction which would promote synthesis than separation. They came up with a model based on the five facets of the managerial mentality, which has proved non merely powerful in the schoolroom but besides of arrant importance in pattern. Below, they have explained how they came up with the five managerial mentalities.

The Manager ‘s Job: A Folklore and Fact
If you ask directors what they do, they will most probably tell you that they plan, form, co-ordinate, and control. Then watch what they do. Make n’t be surprised if you ca n’t associate what you see to these words.

When a director is told that a mill has merely burned down and so advises the company to see whether impermanent agreements can be made to provide clients through a foreign subordinate, is that director planning, forming, organizing, or commanding? How approximately when he or she presents a gilded ticker to a retiring employee? Or attends a conference to run into people in the trade and returns with an interesting new merchandise thought for employees to see?

These four words, which have dominated direction vocabulary since the Gallic industrialist Henri Fayol foremost introduced them in 1916, tell us small about what directors really do. At best, they indicate some obscure aims directors have when they work.

The field of direction, so devoted to come on and alteration, has for more than half a century non earnestly addressedA theA basic inquiry: What do directors make? Without a proper reply, how can we learn direction? How can we plan be aftering or information systems for directors? How can we better the pattern of direction at all?

Our ignorance of the nature of managerial work shows up in assorted ways in the modern organization-in self-praises by successful directors who ne’er spent a individual twenty-four hours in a direction preparation plan ; in the turnover of corporate contrivers who ne’er rather understood what it was the director wanted ; in the computing machine consoles garnering dust in the back room because the directors ne’er used the fancy online MIS some analyst thought they needed. Possibly most of import, our ignorance shows up in the inability of our big public organisations to come to grips with some of their most serious policy jobs.

Somehow, in the haste to automatize production, to utilize direction scientific discipline in the functional countries of selling and finance, and to use the accomplishments of the behavioural scientist to the job of worker motive, the manager-the individual in charge of the organisation or one of its subunits-has been forgotten.

I intend to interrupt the reader off from Fayol ‘s words and present a more bearable and utile description of managerial work. This description derives from my reappraisal and synthesis of research on how assorted directors have spent their clip.

In some surveies, directors were observed intensively ; in a figure of others, they kept elaborate journals ; in a few surveies, their records were analyzed. All sorts of directors were studied-foremen, mill supervisors, staff directors, field gross revenues directors, infirmary decision makers, presidents of companies and states, and even street gang leaders. These “ directors ” worked in the United States, Canada, Sweden, and Great Britain.

Scheme as Pattern
Mintzberg defines scheme asA consistence in behaviour, whether or non intended.A Strategy can emerge as forms, which may be seen as the resulting actions. To turn out this point, he gives illustration of Henry Ford who originally developed the Model T, which was the scheme to offer the auto in theA black colour, but by scheme as a form, this was an intended scheme.

An unintended scheme, as a form can be seen with an illustration of IKEA who began to level pack their furniture, where as the original thought for this was to borne of one of the companies interior decorators which are seeking to lade a tabular array into their auto and when they realized that it would n’t suit and therefore, they would hold to detach the legs of the tabular array. At that clip, they realized that clients would be confronting the similar issue while buying their merchandise, and as such a critical facet of Ilea ‘s scheme it emerged unintentionally.http: //louisdietvorst.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/emergent-strategy.jpg? w=481 & A ; h=372

Scheme as Position
Strategy as a place refers to the environment in which the organisation operates in and the interceding force between the internal and external context. An illustration to warrant this construct can be of organisation ‘s scheme towards covering with critical environmental factors such as utmost heat, disposal of waste, usage of green IT.

Scheme as Position

This facet of scheme is concerned with how the organisation itself sees the businessA environment. For illustration, an organisation will hold an option of being the pacemakers, who is ever seen at the shed blooding border of engineering and who, sell their merchandises based on progresss of engineering. Whereas another option would be to be followings, where organisations learn from the errors of the gait compositor and hence, they adopt merely proved engineerings and are moreA concernedA with the quality and dependability of merchandises instead than shed blooding technological border.

Examples to turn out this is of the automotive industry, where it can be seen, how Ford has began the new ‘Ford Focus ‘ market to be the technological leader in this merchandise class. With the usage of economic systems of graduated table Ford has managed to cheaply introduce engineerings like Self-Parking, it is a engineering associated with premium trade names instead than Ford who is traditionally known for aiming blue-collar workers.

Books
Managing.A FT Prentice-Hall, 2009

Management: it ‘s non what you think.A ( With Bruce Ahlstrand and Josepeh Lampel ) . FT Prentice-Hall, 2010

Strategy bites back.A ( With Bruce Ahlstrand and Joseph Lampel ) . Pearson, 2005

Directors non MBAs.A Berrett-Koehler, 2004

Strategy safari.A ( With Bruce Ahlstrand and Joseph Lample ) London: Prentice-Hall, 1998

The scheme procedure: constructs, contexts, instances ( 3rd erectile dysfunction ) .London: Prentice-Hall International, 1996

The rise and autumn of strategic planning.A Hemel Hempstead: Prentice-Hall International, 1994

Mintzberg on direction: inside our unusual universe of organizations.A New York: Free Press, 1989

Power in and around organizations.A Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983

Structures in fives: planing effectual organisations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983

The structuring of organisations: a synthesis of the research. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979

The nature of managerial work.A New York: Harper and Row, 1973

Journal articles
Cardinal articles are given below, for a complete list from 1967 to day of the month, with some links through to full text, delight seehttp: //www.mintzberg.org/articles

The director ‘s occupation: folklore and fact.A Harvard Business Review, 68 ( 2 ) Mar-Apr 1990, pp. 163-176. Originally published in 1975, the article includes a retrospective commentary by the writer.

Crafting strategy.A Harvard Business Review, 65 ( 4 ) Jul-Aug 1987, pp. 66-75

The autumn and rise of strategic planning.A Harvard Business Review, 72 ( 1 ) Jan-Feb 1994, pp. 107-114

Rounding out the director ‘s job.A Sloan Management Review, 36 ( 1 ) Fall 1994, pp. 11-26

Contemplations on management.A Harvard Business Review, 74 ( 4 ) Jul-Aug 1996, pp. 61-67

Pull offing on the edge.A International Journal of Public Sector Management, 10 ( 3 ) 1997, pp. 131-153

The yin and yang of managing.A Organizational Dynamics, 29 ( 4 ) 2001, pp. 306-312

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