The thought of alteration has progressively become a necessity for organisations instead than an alternate that they wish to take. Although it is normally associated with crisis, even the most successful companies have to confront necessity of alteration. Ability to switch way and to better operation of an organisation can be assumed as one of the cardinal competences of modern-day concern organisations. As the complexness of concern life markets gets intense, organisations have become much more sensitive to any happening that take topographic points in their environment.
While there have been assorted factors that force organisations to alter, developments in engineering, decreasing function of authoritiess in concern life and globalisation are some of the chief factors that necessitate organisations to revise the manner they conduct concerns ( Champy & A ; Nohria,1996 ) . Dynamic nature of concern environment besides influences clients ‘ penchants on all sorts of merchandises and services and hence, being able to react these switching demands requires flexible organisations which can implement new schemes successfully.
Sing the fluctuations in external environment, the issue that concerns organisations most has been the range of alteration. De Wit and Meyer ( 2004 ) have identified two basic waies for alteration.
First, some organisations tend to follow themselves to on-going alterations through invariably bettering their operations by little changes. These alterations normally focus on bettering bing systems by maintaining cardinal construction of concern same ( De Wit & A ; Meyer, 2004 ) .
Second, organisations which conceive changeless but little betterments as unequal, be given to use extremist alterations which refer to finish reclamation of bing manner of making concern. Parallel to the diverseness in these attacks, methods to carry through desired alteration programs vary in footings of their range and impact.
Although it is a really often repeated discourse that alteration is ineluctable and organisations must alter, the failures or low rate of success in alteration plans discloses the necessity of extra work on the topic of alteration direction. Harmonizing to statistics reported by taking corporate reengineering practicians, success rate of alteration direction, in Fortune 1000 companies are rather below 50 % ( Strebel, 1996 ) . The spread between purposes and results, despite the sum of bing surveies and theories, has motivated us to do farther research on the issue.
One may name assorted causes for failures in alteration opposition have been one of the most outstanding elements of those unsuccessful efforts. Although the thought of alteration has a important popularity in today ‘s societies, switching behaviors of persons has non been an easy undertaking. It may look absolutely acceptable in written documents or unwritten treatments but people in organisations normally tend to defy alteration. Since every alteration can be accepted as a passage to a new state of affairs which persons are unfamiliar with, giving up old manner of making things and switching to a new system, unsurprisingly produce opposition.
There is a huge sum of statements in the literature. In the late fortiess and 1950s, opposition to alter had been identified as an of import obstruction for execution, and this perceptual experience has been still continuing its cogency. However, some research workers have besides tended to stress the constructive value of opposition because they believe non every alteration enterprise is geared to bring forth good results.
While opposition to alter has been normally conceived as a quite indispensable human response, persons may hold different grounds for their immune behaviors. Psychological factors stemming from negative outlooks about alteration lead to manifestation of these behaviors. On the other manus, cultural atmosphere within an organisation which is characterized by disused thoughts and beliefs can besides take its members to be unresponsive to alter. Alternatively, involvements of groups or persons and their battle for power can turn opposition into a response ensuing from political concerns ( De Wit & A ; Meyer, 2004 ) .
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
As an attempt to derive deeper penetration on alteration direction, the research worker is significantly interested by the high rate of failures in alteration plans and jobs and unexpected results arise as a consequence of employee opposition to alter. Based on the information obtained through literature reappraisals and instance surveies on alteration direction, with a particular focal point on opposition to alter, the research will developed a model which describes cardinal constructs in pull offing opposition successfully to forestall its negative effects and, if possible, benefit from its constructive value.
However, what has motivated and shaped research has been the deficiency of a comprehensive theory that can depict and analyse critical elements of opposition direction. The research worker believes that to get by with opposition successfully, a careful analysis of immune behavior is necessary. Application of theoretical accounts as a consequence of the research, may enable directors to separate assorted responses of persons to alter and to take valuable elements, if exist, which are inherited in these responses.
OBJECTIVE / PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The intent of the survey is to understand the function of opposition in the procedure of alteration direction. The research worker believes that, the result can supply a deeper apprehension of cardinal factors in implementing alteration plans. By mentioning to opposition, the research worker, do non needfully see it as a barrier that needs to be eliminated ; alternatively, it is aim to understand the construct of opposition in a wider range to place important issues that can act upon procedure of alteration in a positive manner. In other words, the issue that is concerned in this thesis is to happen an optimal manner of pull offing opposition which takes all the facets of opposition into consideration. It is believe that such an attack can be influential in footings of minimising failures or dissatisfactions in alteration plans.
By analyzing the research inquiry and issues related to it, the research worker hope to convey a new position about immune behaviors of employees during the alteration procedure. Understanding, depicting and analysing roots and symptoms of opposition can enable us to build a model to implement alteration plans more successfully. Emphasis on opposition besides brings the chance to utilize it as a constructive tool in footings of finding the defects of bing alteration plans.
Refering the alteration execution, this survey aims to turn up and to stress critical factors in direction of opposition. The function of leaders in footings of creative activity and transmittal of the alteration message through communicating and engagement possess a significance topographic point in our apprehension. From this position, the research worker believes that by foregrounding the importance of these activities, this research will be able to picture a comprehensive image explicating the impact of leaders/managers in opposition direction.
It is besides hope that this survey will be capable of lending to scientific community by showing logical statements and supplying new infinites for farther research. Additionally, sing the deductions of the research, it would besides be a valuable beginning for persons in concern life to turn up different jobs related to opposition and to take appropriate actions to manage them.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Parallel to the diverseness of statements existed in the available literature, the research worker, preferred to near opposition by taking its both negative and positive facets into consideration. However emphasize the constructive facet of opposition which directors can profit during alteration procedures. Under the visible radiation of this general intent, steering inquiry of the research is constructed as follows:
Refering the nature of opposition, what sort of a scheme is necessary to pull off opposition efficaciously during the alteration execution?
How end struggle between houses and employees contribute towards employee ‘s opposition to alter as a major cause?
How to harmonize or cut down the strength of end struggle between houses and employees, to get the better of employee ‘s opposition?
Why do people defy alteration so strongly?
What can be done to get the better of this opposition? .
Giving a comprehensive reply to above inquiry constitutes the indispensable end of this survey. The inquiries involve two basic constructs, alteration and opposition, and these shall be analyzed profoundly throughout the research procedure. While understanding the nature of alteration and the procedure of execution can be assumed as the umbrella of survey, the research worker will besides focused on opposition in footings of its beginnings, symptoms and dimensions.
Significance OF THE STUDY
The survey shall assist directors to fit themselves with the chief guidelines of alteration direction and appreciate and understand how ‘change ‘ increases the magnitude and strength of end struggle and how it contributes towards employees ‘ opposition to alter.
Change is inevitable in human, social and organizational set-up, since when managed decently will positively lend to the sustainability of the administration. ‘Positive ‘ alteration brings in new and improved ways of making old things.
Boundary line
Oti-Yeboah Timber Company Limited in Sunyani is selected because the research worker lacks clip and fiscal resource to widen it other related company for comparative analysis. The research is set within the boundary of ‘why employees resist alteration ‘ and possible theoretical accounts to be recommended for direction to follow to avoid unneeded opposition and how to pull off it if it occurs.
Restriction OF THE STUDY
One of the major restrictions to this survey will be clip. Time constrains will impede the attempt of reexamining every possible literature on the subject under research, as good questioning all necessary stakeholders ( employees, directors, supervisors ) . Collection of primary informations twosome people reluctant of respondents to co-operate with research workers, due to ignorance and literacy is another concern.
Fiscal constrains is besides deserving reference. Research requires handiness of equal resource in footings of money, and as a pupil, equal financess will be hard to entree.
PRELIMINARY DEFINITION OF TERMS
Resistance: Resistance is the attendant employee ‘s reaction of resistance to organizational alteration ( Keen, 1981 ) . Harmonizing to Zander ( 1950 ) , opposition is a behavior which is intended to protect an person from the effects of existent or imagined alteration. ( cited in Dent & A ; Goldberg, 1999, p. 34 ) . Folger and Skarlicki define opposition as employee behavior that seeks to dispute, interrupt, or invert prevalent premises, discourses, and power dealingss. ( Folger & A ; Skarlicki, 1999, p.36 ) . Resistance is defined as either taking action against alteration or being inactive to react it ( Brower a & A ; Abalofia, 1995 ) . Parallel to this, Ashforth and Mael ( 1998 ) define opposition as “ knowing Acts of the Apostless of committee ( rebelliousness ) or skip. Piderit, 2000 defines opposition as a response to defeat and aggression caused by the alteration enterprise. Watson ( 1982 ) , defines opposition merely as reluctance of employees.
Change: De Jager ( 2001 ) who defines alteration as “ the act of replacing old with the new ” De Jager ( 2001 ) who defines alteration as “ the act of replacing old with the new ” Organisational context, alteration means a displacement or change in the current civilization, which means the manner we do things around here.
Change direction
Organizational alteration
Administration OF THE CHAPTERS
This survey is organised into five chapters. Chapter one deals with the debut, job statement, research inquiries, aims, significance and range of the survey. Chapter two reviews a broad assortment of literature on fiscal sector development. These include an overview of the banking sector, fiscal inventions and nest eggs. Chapter three provides the methodological analysis, informations description and an index of fiscal invention. Chapter four screens analysis and reading of consequences. Finally, chapter five nowadayss policy recommendations, and a sum-up of the survey.
Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW:
Even though the construct of opposition to alter is non a new one, no consensus about its content and the ways it is experienced has existed among the research workers who have studied it. It is normally repeated, in both academic and concern universe, that many of the alteration initiatives one manner or another have produced hapless consequences. The rate of fail in organisational formation has been fifty to seventy per cent ( Hammer & A ; Champy, 1993 ) .
De Jager ( 2001 ) who defines alteration as “ the act of replacing old with the new ” Organisational context, alteration means a displacement or change in the current civilization, which means the manner we do things around here. When alterations of some kind need to be made, struggles are already pre-programmed, as house needs and wants to alter but employees have different precedences. There can ne’er be a alteration without struggle ( Boonstra, 2004 )
The grounds for alteration have been categorised by many writers as follows:
Change as a measuring or solution to complex jobs in administration ( Woodward & A ; Nancy, 2007 )
Incremental and extremist alteration ( Burnes, 2004 )
Planned and unplanned alteration ( Fernandez, 2007 )
Structural alteration ( Drucker, 1990 )
Continuous and episode alteration ( Perkins et al. , 2007 )
Technological alteration ( Garg and Singh, 2006 )
Hultman ( 1979 ) , argues that it is a false belief to accept alteration as inherently good because its success depends on the result it conveying approximately and to measure the public presentation of a alteration attempt certain period of clip is needed.
Flower ( 1962 ) argues that many alteration efforts fail because it is normally misunderstood by those directors who really initiate alteration. In other words, directors fail in get the better ofing opposition because they think change procedure as rather consecutive frontward, like traveling one state of affairs to another. However, for successful passage it is of import to understand how this effort had been conceived by the employees.
Resistance is the attendant employee ‘s reaction of resistance to organizational alteration ( Keen, 1981 ) . The restraining forces are deemed the possible beginnings of opposition to planned changed ( Stoner and Freeman, 1992 )
Kreitner ( 2004 ) besides approaches the opposition by concentrating on possible reactions from employees and provides directors with a model to use in covering with opposition. He fundamentally identifies three different phases in a alteration procedure.
Kegan and Lahey, 2001, suggested that, the attacks which explain immune behavior of employees have varied well in conformity with the research workers ‘ point of positions. The issues such as organisational kineticss, dealingss between directors and employees, and perceptual experience of alteration are some of the most referred 1s to place the roots and symptoms of immune behaviors. They farther explained that, employees resist a alteration by trusting on single psychological sciences.
Most literature tends to compose a prescription for extinguishing opposition by concentrating on the relationship between directors and employee. He suggested that, “ employees and organisations have mutual duties and common committednesss ; both stated and implied that defines their relationship ” ( Strebel, 1996, p.87 ) . He called these common understandings as personal compacts and argues that employees are likely to defy an thought which can damage these personal compacts
It should be noted that even in normal state of affairs, end struggle exists between houses and employees, but the magnitude and strength of this struggle is what affairs. Goal struggle is defined as the grade to which persons feel that house ‘s ends are incompatible and conflicting with their ain ends and demands, and do it hard to accomplish them ( Locke et al. 1994 ) .
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK/CONCEPTUAL BASE OF THE STUDY
As one of the innovators in development of the construct of opposition to alter, Lewin ( 1951 ) had advanced a theory, called force-field theory, concentrating on opposition during the procedure of organisational alteration. Harmonizing to Lewin ( 1951 ) , two different types of forces are embedded in an organisation. While one group of them works in favor of alteration, the other group opposes it. When these two groups of forces are balanced, the organisation experience inactiveness, and in order to alter this equilibrium, forces for alteration demand to be strengthened and defying forces should be weakened. The duty of directors who plan to implement alteration is to work towards decreasing the impact of opposition forces while on the other manus reenforcing the forces for alteration.
While Lewin ‘s position on alteration represents a dialectical attack affecting opposing forces, Zander ( 1950 ) explains opposition by concentrating on persons and their attitudes toward alteration. He perceives opposition as a type of behavior of an person who aims to protect himself and his involvements from possible impacts of the alteration attempts. What seems besides important in his analysis is the differentiation between the causes and symptoms of opposition. Therefore, he urges director who has to cover with opposition in alteration execution to concentrate on causes alternatively of simply extinguishing the symptoms of opposition.
With respects to organizational alteration theoretical accounts the undermentioned five theoretical accounts are common and shall be examined by the research worker:
Kurt Lewin ‘s Three Step Model and Force-Field Theory,
John Kotter.s Eight Step Model,
Colin Carnall.s Change Management Model,
Nadler and Tushman.s Congruence Model and
Peter Senge and Systemic View on Organizational Change
There are other organizational alteration and opposition theories such as: chief agent theory, end theory, stakeholders ‘ theory, neoclassical, neo-Keynesian and managerial theory of house. The chief agent theory, neo-Keynesian, and managerial theory explain the struggle between houses and its employees ‘ ends and involvement. However, the stakeholder theory and chief agent theory has been studied and matched with the state of affairs of the house alternating to supply solutions and suggest recommendation for cut downing and harmonising end struggle, to get the better ofing opposition to alter.
Those theories are indispensable to understand the footing of organisational alteration practically. In general, organisational alteration attempts are classified into three different attacks in the literature to look into organisations ( Hamburger & A ; Yitzchayak, 1998 ) . The first attack comes from classical direction theory that focuses on the empirical facts and practical consequences by depicting organisations as the formal unit. The 2nd is the sociological attack that analyzed the sociology of organisations by concentrating on the different individualities and categories within the organisations, which create struggles with the footing of socio-economic differences. The 3rd attack that we will besides utilize for our description comes from the psychological attack, which focuses on the persons and their psychological conditions in order to depict the organisations.
For many people, the term opposition has negative intensions and this attitude reflects itself in academic surveies excessively in the signifier of solutions to forestall opposition. Parallel to this, “ opposition has been classically understood as a foundation cause of struggle that is unwanted and damaging to organizational wellness. ” ( Waddell & A ; Sohal, 1998, p.543 ) .
Classical organizational theory has had a large impact on this general inclination to see opposition as a job which needs to be eliminated. The dominant thought in classical theory, perceives integrity and coherency as the cardinal requirements for maximization of public presentation in production and development. Therefore, disagreement and pluralism in footings of thoughts and attitudes are considered to hold a negative impact on organisational public presentation ( Waddell & A ; Sohal, 1998 ) .
Harmonizing to him, because organisations are continuously subjected to internal and external forces to alter, during this period, opposition may work as a stabilizer, and equilibrate these internal and external demands. From this point of position opposition provides organisation with, what Hultman called, a beat, that is important for endurance of the organisation.
Litterer ( 1973 ) addresses apathy and passiveness as of import obstructions for implementing alteration and argues that struggle and opposition can be desirable in footings of supplying organisation with energy and motive during alteration procedure. However, it has to be noted that writers who have proposed these positive thoughts about opposition, besides pay attending to the sum of struggle and opposition. In other word they do non deny that excessively much struggle can take to distraction of attending from the nucleus of issue ( Waddell & A ; Sohal, 1998 ) .
Chapter 3
Methodology
Introduction
This chapter describes the methods and processs used to roll up and analyze informations in order to find how Valco Hall can be sustainable and eliminate wastage. It includes background of the survey country, the survey design, population of the survey, trying technique, sample size and sampling process, aggregation, and informations processing and analysis.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA.
Sunyani is the municipal capital town of Brong Ahafo Region. The 2000 nose count revealed that Sunyani municipality has a population size of 179,165 people. 89023 are males and 90142 are besides females. Harmonizing to ghanadistrict.com, Sunyani municipality is located in the bosom of Brong Ahafo Region, between Latitudes 70 55’N and 70 35’N and Longitudes 20’W and 20 30’W. The municipality portions boundaries with the Wenchi District to the North, Berekum and Dorma Districts to the West, Asutifi District to the South and Tano South District to the East. In footings of business, approximately 48 % of the entire population engaged in agribusiness production. About 24 % of the population are besides employed in the service sector, 15 % are employed in the commercialism sector whiles the other 13 % of the entire population are besides employed in the industry sector. Among the Municipal attractive forces are the Cocoa House and the Roman Catholic Cathedra. Apart from the attractive force sites, the occupants in the municipality are besides sociable to visitants which entreat them to come back for another visit. The educational background in the municipality harmonizing to the booklet of the territory shows that it ranges from basic degree to the University degree. The municipality encouragement of 107 Junior High Schools made up of 76 being authorities and 31 being private schools. There are 12 Senior High Schools, made up of 7 and 5 authorities and private schools severally. There are two polytechnic schools, College of Renewal National Resources and the Catholic University College of Ghana, Fiapre, are besides in the municipality.
Study Design
A survey design is a program or bluish print that explains the basic construction of the survey. It provides the procedural lineation for the behavior of a survey ( Amedahe, 2004 ) . The research workers adopted a descriptive study design to roll up informations for analysis. The study design was consistent with the description by Sarantakos ( 2005 ) , and Fraenkel and Warren ( 2002 ) that studies are methods of informations aggregation in which information is gathered through unwritten or written interviews, and could be structured, more formal, or a combination of the attacks. The writers stress the demand for consistence throughout the exercising to restrict mistakes.
Sing the assorted elements inherited in the construct of opposition and its complexness, the research worker found it much more convenient to use qualitative design instead than quantitative. Although, ab initio intend the research worker had first manus empirical informations through look intoing the issue on the field, it appeared impossible because of certain restrictions. When we consider the sum of clip that is necessary to analyze opposition through empirical observation, it takes much more clip than we had to fix this survey. In add-on to clip restraint, analyzing opposition in a existent organisational scene demands certain sum of fiscal resource which besides limits the initial programs.
THE RATIONALE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative methodological analysis is a really wide subject and fundamentally refers to the research processes in which findings are obtained through non numerical or statistical techniques ( Strauss & A ; Corbin, 1990 ) . Its intent is to make an in-depth apprehension about societal worlds and forms create them.
Strauss and Corbin ( 1990 ) have identified three basic elements of qualitative methodological analysis. First is the information which is obtained through interviews, observations, analysis of paperss and stuffs, 2nd is processs which are employed by the research worker to measure collected informations and 3rd is the concluding studies, in written signifier or verbal, which states the findings and deductions of a survey. Parallel to the indispensable purpose of qualitative attack, in footings of understanding why and how of societal worlds, carry oning a qualitative research normally necessitates little but focussed samples to seek deeply a given societal phenomenon.
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS OF QUALITATIVE DESIGN
Martyn Shuttleworth ( 2008 ) suggested the followers as the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research design. Qualitative techniques are highly utile when a topic is excessively complex to be answered by a simple yes or no hypothesis. These types of designs are much easier to be after and transport out, utile when budgetary determinations have to be taken into history.
The broader range covered by these designs ensures that some utile informations is ever generated, whereas an unproven hypothesis in a quantitative experiment can intend that a batch of clip has been wasted. Qualitative research methods are non as dependent upon sample sizes as quantitative methods ; a instance survey, for illustration, can bring forth meaningful consequences with a little sample group.
He stated that, whilst non as clip or resource consuming as quantitative experiments, qualitative methods still require a batch of careful idea and planning, to guarantee that the consequences obtained are every bit accurate as possible.
Qualitative informations can non be mathematically analyzed in the same comprehensive manner as quantitative consequences, so can merely give a usher to general tendencies. It is a batch more unfastened to personal sentiment and judgement, and so can merely of all time give observations instead than consequences.
Any qualitative research design is normally alone and can non be precisely recreated, intending that they do miss the ability to be peer reviewed.
STUDY POPULATION
Twumasi ( 2001 ) defines population as the group of elements that a research worker is interested in analyzing. Osuala ( 2001 ) suggested that population means placing features which will place each unit as being a member of a peculiar group. Harmonizing to Fraenkel and Warren ( 2002 ) , population refers to the complete set of persons ( topics or events ) holding common features in which the research worker is interested. For the intent of this survey, the mark population comprised employees, supervisors drivers, security and direction.
RATIONALE OF THE POPULATION
The population for this survey will be selected from the staff/employees and direction of Oti-Yeboah Company Ltd. The Staffs will be chosen because they are the receivers of direction determinations, while direction will be chosen since they make the long, medium and short-run determinations.
Sampling TECHNIQUE/METHODS/SAMPLING Size
Harmonizing to Amedahe ( 2004 ) , trying is the procedure of choosing a part of the population to stand for the full population in a survey. A sample consists of a carefully selected unit of the population for a peculiar survey ( Sarantakos, 2005 ) . As Israel ( 1992 ) puts it, many research workers adopt different ways to find the sample size on the footing of the assurance degree and preciseness required. The general impression held by many research workers is that, the larger the sample sizes the lower the hazard of trying mistakes happening. However, Best and Kahn ( 1998 ) contend that the sample size depends on the nature of the population, the sort of informations to be elicited, the nature of the analysis to be carried out, and the handiness of financess for the survey. Due to resource and clip restraints, every bit good as the demand for specific information, a cross-section of the population was sampled for the survey.
Sampling technique harmonizing Twumasi ( 2001 ) is a procedure adopted in taking any proportion of the population or existence as a representative of that population or existence.
He once more explained Sampling technique as a procedure of choosing units ( illustration, people or administration ) from a population of involvement so that by analyzing the sample the research worker may reasonably generalise the consequences back to the population from which the sample was chosen. Nachmias, et Al. ( 1976 ) explained purposive sampling as, the research worker been adhered to the aims of the survey and choice respondents who can reply the research inquiries. The purposive, every bit good as the sampling technique were used to roll up informations from staff and clients for the intent of this survey.
RATIONAL FOR THE SELECTION PROCEDURE AND THE SAMPLE SIZE
A sample size of 60 respondents was chosen comprises sixty ( 40 ) employees and 10s ( 20 ) direction squad and supervisors. Majority of the research was based on the employees, since they are largely affected by the determinations of direction.
PRE-PILOT Trial
STUDY VARIABLES
The variables for the survey include: opposition, end struggle, organizational and change direction.
Instruments
Description of how instrument was developed
Evidence of how face, content, and concept cogency was determined
How dependable the instrument is ( provide dependability coefficient )
How was points format determined
Indication of how marking will be done
DATA COLLECTION
To guarantee successful of this work, both primary and secondary informations will be used. Primary information is gathered from the field. Such information can be collected through questionnaires, observation, face-to-face interviews and among others. Questionnaire defined by Osuala ( 2005 ) , is series of structured inquiries, which are related to a research subject and besides directed to a respondent with the purpose of deriving first manus cognition on the subject or the perceptual experience the respondents have about the subject. Questionnaire was used because it helps the research worker to obtain first manus cognition of the respondents refering why they resist alteration.
The aggregation of informations shall be agenda as follows: The first will be used to administer and educate stakeholder on the kernel of the research. The aggregation period shall last for four hebdomads. Intermittent interview agendas shall be conducted with employees who are nonreaders.
The research worker intends to collection the informations personally, since that will give it much credibleness and dependability.
DATA ANALYSIS
The natural informations obtained from the study were scrutinised for cogency and dependability by manner of screening, redacting and coding in order to extinguish or at least minimise mistakes, skips, every bit good as other disagreements capable of compromising sound judgement. The organized information was later entered into the Statistical Product and Service Solutions ( SPSS ) package to ease informations description and analysis.
Descriptive statistics in footings of frequences was used to show the quantitative informations in the signifier of tabular arraies for farther reading and analysis utilizing per centums. Therefore, qualitative and quantitative techniques were employed to show, describe, analyse and construe informations collected.
