Types of Foundation, Building Frame and Partition used in a Construction Project Essay

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In any edifice the superstructure, infrastructure ( foundations ) and the back uping dirt Acts of the Apostless in a co-ordinated manner to give structural stableness. Therefore the foundations act as connexion between superstructure and the land. Successful foundations should be:

  • Foundations must be at minimal deepness and size without transcending the allowable bearing capacity of the dirt.
  • They must be strong plenty to supply stableness to the supporting construction.
  • They must be able to defy natural land motions from caustic chemicals, hoar, wet and heat.
  • They must be economical and sustainable.

For our Englemere Village undertaking we used Strip and Pad foundations.

Foundations can be classified as:

  1. Shallow Foundations
  1. Strip Foundations
  • Traditional Strip Foundations
  • Trench fill Foundations
  • Combined- Stepped Foundations
  1. Pad Foundations
  2. Tonss
  3. Pier and Beam Foundations
  1. Deep Foundations
  1. Piled Foundations
  • Supplanting Hemorrhoids
  • Replacement Hemorrhoids
  1. Shallow Foundations

The foundations which are placed beneath the lowest portion of the construction and near to the land degree are shallow foundations.

  1. Strip Foundations

Strip foundations are the most common foundations used in building, it is a strip of concrete running under all burden bearing walls. The deepness and the breadth of the strip foundations depends on the nature of the dirt and superstructure burden, they can be 500-700 mm broad and every bit deep as per the nature of the soil/ground.

Strip foundations can be either traditional strip or trench fill and both can be stepped.

Traditional Strip Foundations

Strip foundations are used where dirt has good bearing capacity. Load is transmitted at 45 grades angle from the base of the wall. The breadth of strip foundation is three times the breadth of the wall. Thickness should be at least 150 millimeter, but 300 millimeter is most normally used. Depth should be 450 mm minimal measured from finished land degree to protect from frost onslaught.SeeAppendix 1.

Trench fill Foundations

Trench fill is quicker and more cost effectual than traditional strip. The thickness should non be less than 500 millimeters and should complete 150 millimeters below land degree. Trench should be dug to a deepness where undersoil provides sufficient burden bearing capacity, normally it is 1m deep.See Appendix 2.

Stepped Foundations

Stepped foundations are used on inclining sites. As top of foundation has to be flat and on spilling sites foundations can stop up excessively deep. Stepped foundations cut down the sum of unearthing and cost. The measure should non be bigger than the thickness of foundation and should work with highs of the bricks. Overlap should be at least twice the tallness of the measure.

  1. Raft foundations

Reinforced concrete raft is used when bearing capacity of dirt is low. It spreads the burden from construction over a big country. Reduces the sum of unearthing. Concrete raft is normally at least 150 mm midst. Sometimes the raft is thickened under burden bearing walls.See appendix 3.

  1. Pad foundations

Pad foundations are used when stray tonss need to be supported, distributing the burden to the land below. They are used for columns or framed edifices. Embroider foundations are constructed from strengthened concrete.See Appendix 4.

  1. Pier and beam foundations

Pier and beam foundations are made from brick, block or lumber wharfs on concrete tablets. Beams sit on the wharfs and are normally raised above the land to make a crawl infinite underneath. Pier and beam is a cost effectual foundation for smaller edifices.See appendix 5.

  1. Deep Foundations

The foundations that are constructed below land degree while utilizing unreal agreements such as hemorrhoids can be termed as deep foundations.

Pile foundations

Pile foundations are used to reassign burden of superstructure through weak dirt onto strong dirt or stone. Hemorrhoids can be displacement or replacing. Pile caps or beams sit on top of the hemorrhoids.See appendix 6.

Supplantinghemorrhoidsare driven into the land by forcing the dirt out of the manner. They are friction hemorrhoids. This method is really noisy and vibrating. But there is no dirt to be removed from site.

One of supplanting methods iscoiling prison guardstacking. A coiling heap consists of a galvanised steel shaft onto which is welded a series of round steel home bases. They are power drilled in to the land. Advantages are: fast installing, quiver and noise free, sustainability ( can be removed and reused ) .

Replacement hemorrhoidstake dirt and replaces with strengthened concrete. They are end bearing hemorrhoids. All dirt needs to be removed from site but it is less vibrating and noisy than displacement pilling.

Causes of Foundation Failure

Failure in reassigning the burden between superstructure and dirt can take to constructing motion and snap, but failure of foundations can non be held entirely responsible for checking there can be other grounds for these sort of amendss. Seasonal motions, chemical onslaught, edifice changes, trees, dirt weirdo and variable land conditions are few causes of foundation failures.

Alternate systems for constructions, envelope and roof coverings

Constructed constructions start with architectural and technology programs, nevertheless all constructions follow basic design stairss as follows ;

  • Fixing the site
  • Installing foundations
  • Constructing the model
  • Enveloping the construction
  • Completing the outside and inside
  • Completing the site

Constructing the Model

The model depends on the foundations as foundations provide base for constructing the model. Floors, interior and exterior walls, ceilings and roof are included in the edifice procedure of model. Therefore model provides a stiff form and construction to the edifices.

Brick and block is a traditional method of edifice. Brick and block houses use a pit wall building with a spread filled with insularity. These walls are load bearing, they support floor joist and roof.

In MMC ( modern method of building ) systems for constructions bordering procedure is largely done offsite and are merely erected on site. MMC system provides much quicker manner of edifice. There are different types of frames as listed below are used in MMC systems for constructions.

  • Steel frame
  • Timber frame
  • Portal frame
  • Concrete frame
  • Structural Insulated Panels ( SIPs )
  • Insulated Concrete Framework ( ICF )

Steel frame

Steel frame building is a speedy manner of edifice as all the parts are manufactured offsite. It is a lightweight construction compared to traditional masonry or block work. Steel frame can be used from domestic lodging to truly tall skyscrapers and it is a sustainable manner of edifice as steel can be recycled many times. The skeleton is formed from perpendicular steel columns and horizontal I beams. All the tonss are transferred to foundation through columns.

Timber frame

Timber frame panelling system is another fast building method used in domestic lodging. All panels and roof trusses are made offsite and erected on site in a figure of yearss. It has 30 % shorter edifice times than brick and block. This means the house is H2O tight more rapidly and other trades can get down work earlier. Timber frame has higher insularity belongingss than brick and block.

Portal frame

Portal frames are used for a individual floor building which requires a big floor infinite for illustration: warehouse, mills or supermarkets. It has no intermediate columns that mean big unfastened infinite countries can be created within the construction. It is manufactured offsite – fast building.

Concrete frame

RC ( strengthened concrete ) frame is a really common type of edifice. The skeleton is made out of perpendicular columns, horizontal beams and slab in between. Concrete is cast into formwork.

SIP ( structural insulated panels )

SIPS have really good insularity value and structural strength. SIPS panels can be used in walls, floors and roofs for domestic, industrial and other buildings. SIPS are made from Polystyrene ( EPS ) sandwiched between two Oriented Strand Boards ( OSB ) doing them lightweight and speedy to raise by meshing them together.

ICF ( Insulated Concrete Framework )

ICF involves constructing a site with puting a series of hollow blocks, made up of expanded polystyrene ( EPS ) and so are pumped with ready-mixed concrete. EPS provides a high insularity wrapping around the concrete one time the construction is finished. This bordering system non merely provides rapid building but besides it gives a protection against sudden climatic alterations. Although following ICF will be higher than an mean lumber frame physique but it can supply reduced building times and lower energy measures.

Thin Joint

Thin articulation provides improved thermic public presentation and edifice truth over conventional brick and block building. The constructions are made with big aircrete block and speedy drying howitzer. 75 % less howitzer is used. This thin articulation framing can be erected in no clip, furthermore it provides a stableness to the overall construction and an version to widen the edifice at subsequently day of the month.

The MMC edifice systems are used in order to salvage building clip and the cost of the building but they must be used after reexamining the local building Torahs and other conditions conditions.

Building Envelope

The edifice envelope acts as a physical centrifuge between an exterior and interior environment, therefore it can be termed as the edifice enclosure. It provides a shell to keep an indoor environment of any edifice, it besides helps in easing the clime control.

Building envelope is exterior tegument of the edifice that separates interior from outside. It protects constructing from rain, air current and Sun. Envelope includes external walls and roofs.

External walls used in an envelope can be classified as follows

  • Cavity Walls
  • Stone facing
  • Load bearing rock masonry walls
  • Glazed concrete blocks
  • Wood facing

External walls in doing an envelope must supply the bearing, insularity and form to the edifice. To give more insularity to the external walls they must hold insulating fillings, separate insulating bed and air insulating bed.

Roof coverings

Roof covering must bear the undermentioned maps ;

  • Protection of the edifice against rainfall, snowfall etc and other conditions conditions.
  • Protection against cold, heat, overheating, air current and noise.
  • Protection against fire.

To cover all these protections roof covering must hold the undermentioned points in its architectural design

  • Water proofing insularity
  • Thermal insularity
  • Wind stableness
  • Sound insularity

Roofs are divided intoFlatandPitched.

Flat roofs could be: Ash felt, felt, EDPM, Fibre glass, glass.

Pitched roofs could be: thin to, twosome, purlin, mansard, trussed, hipped, trussed balk, Attic truss.

MMC options for divider walls

Partitions are the perpendicular walls or panels that are used to split parts of the edifice and they can be classified as burden bearing or non-load bearing. Traditionally timber was used as dividers but with the promotion in building methods and the usage of light weight breakdown and light weight insularity block, its usage as a divider is diminishing significantly.

Partitions can be constructed utilizing assorted stuffs, but the most common types of dividers are:

  1. Timber Stud Partitions.
  2. Metal Stud or Dry wall Partitions.
  3. Glass Partitions.
  4. Skiding Partitions
  5. Room splitters
  6. Re-locatable office Partitions
  1. Timber Stud Partition

Timber stud dividers are non-load bearing and light weight dividers. Timber stud dividers consist of wooden model between horizontal caput and exclusive pieces at the top and underside of the model and a series of verticals called studs keeping the whole model. The noggings are intermediate stiffening stuff placed between the he-man to guarantee the overall stableness of the model. Timber frame dividers are formed with butt articulations or bordering ground tackles to significantly ease the low labor cost and velocity of hard-on. Plasterboard is normally used as a covering stuff for lumber dividers.

  1. Metal Stud or Dry wall Partitions

Metal he-man dividers are non-load bearing dividers dwelling of a metal doting model. This metal doting makes the dividers light weight but relatively strong and stable than timber stud dividers. They can be covered with ordinary gypsum boards or particular fire immune sheets, which on concluding waterproofing can do these dividers sound cogent evidence every bit good as fire resistant. Metal stud dividers are speedy and easy to raise, they are cost effectual, sustainable for all types of edifices and they are available in assortment of coatings. Due to these strong features metal he-man dividers are largely used in public edifices and infirmaries. The metal he-man are manufactured from galvanised steel sheet folded into assorted molded subdivisions which slot into each other. The subdivisions are produced in assorted lengths runing from 2.4 m to 6 m in length and breadths runing from 50 millimeters to 146 millimeters.

  1. Glass dividers

Glass fulfils an of import function in making divisions between indoors and out every bit good as between single interior infinites.

The proficient progresss in the stuff mean that it is suited for a wider scope of applications than of all time before.

• Double & A ; individual glazed options • Excellent acoustic public presentation up to 47db ( Rw ) • Attractive and Stylish • Full scope of manifestation options • Wide scope of profile colorss • 10mm and 12mm glazing • Option of standard tallness or full tallness doors

Single glazing can be used where clean lines and an aesthetically pleasing design are indispensable. The breakdown is designed with the minimal sum of model to give a frameless visual aspect. To keep the unfastened feel of the office environment frameless doors or framed glass doors are fitted within the system utilizing floor pivots and piece adjustments or floor springs if required.

Where desired or in order to follow with edifice ordinances, to the full glazed panels have manifestation movie applied to them. These can be used to merely foreground the presence of the dividers, create single designs or integrate company logos utilizing either 10/12mm toughened glass depending on the tallness of the divider, glazing is achieved with the usage of clear glazing gaskets that remove the demand for silicone around the margin of the system.

Vertical silicone articulations maintain the ocular simpleness of the merchandise or clear plastic jointing subdivisions to supply dry articulations between glass panels.

Appendix 1

Traditional strip foundations

Appendix 2

Trench fill foundations

Appendix 3

Raft foundations

Appendix 4

Pad foundations

Appendix 5

Pier and beam foundations

Appendix 6

Pile foundations

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