1. Each twenty-four hours a human breathe about 20,000 times, and by the clip he is 70 old ages old, he will hold taken at least 600 million breaths. It is a must to place our respiratory system and the related unwellnesss on it. There by respiratory diseases classification can be identified among sample groups individually. The most common respiratory symptoms are Common Cold, Running Nose, Stuffy Nose, Heavy Fever, Asthma, Laryngitis, Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Emphysema, and Lung Cancer. The respiratory system is shown in Annex B to this thesis.
THE Procedure OF OIL Refining
2. Polishing oil is a complex procedure which turns Crude oil, natural gasses, Coal into fuel. Assorted physical, thermic and chemical separation techniques are used to pull out several types of fuels and gases such as Liquid Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) gas, Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene and Bitumen. Crude oil is unrefined oil. It derived from disintegrating carnal and workss which lived 1000000s of old ages ago. Crude oil contains Hydrocarbons and organize different constituents.
3. Refineries Perform 3 basic stairss in order to bring forth its end products.
a. Distillation. Separating the complex mixture of Hydrocarbons in Crude oil into constituents is called distillment.
B. Conversion. Conversion reforms the anchor of Carbon atoms in a Hydrocarbon molecule in order to do new constituents of higher commercial value.
c. Treating. Treating replacements Hydrocarbon atoms for Sulfur atoms in the Hydrocarbons, thereby cut downing the pollution caused when the ultimate merchandises are burned. Followed by intermixing together of the ensuing constituents to do finished merchandises.[ 1 ]
4. These three cabals are common to the Sapugaskandha Oil Refinery besides. Oil Production Process of Sapugaskandha Oil Refinery is done under high air fresher status. Through this procedure Crude oil is separated in to five assorted constituents such as:
a. Fuel Gas.
B Naphtha.
c. Kerosene.
d. Diesel.
e. Long Residue ( Fuel oil and Tar ) .
5. During this procedure immense Numberss of air pollutants are emitted.
Boiling Scope
C
Tar Bitumen
Long Residue
400o Long Reside Fuel Oil
Auto Diesel
Gas Oil
200o Gas Oil ( Diesel ) Supper Diesel
Petroleum
Oil Kerosene Kerosene
180o Kerosene
( Jet A aa‚¬ ” 1 )
Naphtha Petrol/Blending
Naphtha Component
30o Chemical Naphtha
Gass LP Gas
Figure three: Oil Production Process.
Beginning: Training Section Sapugaskandha Oil Refinery.
PROBLEM RELATED TO THE OIL REFINERIES
6. Oil refineries release 1000000s of pollutants to the ambiance. Many of the gases emitted by refineries are harmful to human wellness, and can do lasting harm and even decease. They can do respiratory jobs ( Asthma, Coughing, Chest Pain, Choking, and Bronchitis ) , Skin annoyances, Nausea, Eye jobs, Headaches, Birth defects, Leukemia, and Cancers. Young kids and the aged are the worst affected. In Mabima besides these sort of wellness state of affairs can be expected.
7. Oil refineries cause Smog and toxic gases. Oil refineries emit about about about 100 chemicals mundane. These include metals like Lead. They besides include really little dust atoms called Particulate Matters that get deep into human lungs and harm our ability to take a breath. Finally, refineries emit many gases like SO2, NO2, CO2, COx, NH3, Hydrogen Fluoride, Chlorine, Benzene, Propane and many others. This sort of air quality can be expected from Sapugaskandha atmosphere besides.[ 2 ]
8. On the other manus the Oil Refinery pollutes non merely air but besides H2O and land. It pollutes the land by the big sum of harmful waste from the refinery which needs to be dumped. Water is polluted by the radioactive dust from air pollution and by dispatching chemical pollutants into H2O ways and inadvertent oil sloping to the land H2O.
9. Fleeting emanation is another method of Air Pollution which is caused by the Oil Refinery. The contaminated air which escapes through leaks including valve, pumps, seals, connections, force per unit area alleviation devices in the refinery equipments is called fleeting emanation. The sum of pollution coming from fleeting emanation is higher than the sum coming out of the tonss. Furthermore inadvertent fires, detonations, and chemical are common at refineries.AA Such accidents cause consequence in more heightened exposure to pollutants and greater wellness impacts[ 3 ]. Since Sapugaskandha Refinery is 41 old ages old, it is most likely to breathe the fleeting emanation due to really old machineries.
10. However Oil refineries adopt to let go of gases through smokestacks with flairs in order to cut down air pollution. When gases are lit on fire as they are released, most of the chemicals are combusted into less harmful constituents largely into CO2 and H2O. Although this combustion reduces the sum of toxic chemicals in the gas, it ne’er eliminates all of them. These toxic gases can flux into the air along with the black fume emitted from smokestacks. An analysis of informations from air quality proctors in vicinities near the refinery found that measurings of known air quality toxins peculiarly Sulfur gases have reached record degrees when flame uping at the refinery[ 4 ]. Besides a really rich SO2 degree found in an air R analisis done in general country Sapugaskandha.
11. And besides a old survey has been done and showed that school kids in a school situated following to a refinery suffered between 30 % to 40 % more respiratory jobs than kids populating more than 10 kilometers off[ 5 ].
12. As a Research conducted in twelvemonth 2006, in order to place wellness consequence of out door air pollutions in Sapugaskandha, Puttlam and Kithulgala countries following findings were indicated:
a. The Wheezing degree of kids who are less than 15 old ages old indicated that about 8.9 % in Sapugaskandha 8.9 % in Puttlam and 0 % in Kithulgala.
B. Cough, Cold and Phlegm were 21 % in Sapugaskandha 7 % in Puttlam and 0.1 % in Kithulgala.
c. About 6 % had complained concern, Skin job Eye annoyance in Sapugaskandha.
d. Both kids and seniors had reported Wheezing 11 % , Cough, Cold and Phlegm 16 % and concern, Skin job and Eye irritation 8 % in Sapugaskandha. In Puttlam those were 4 % , 3 % and o % severally. In Kithulgala there were no ailments on above status.[ 6 ]
13. This research indicates that high air pollution degree at Sapugaskandha, low in Puttlem and really low in Kithulgala. Therefore it can be mentioned that high respiratory diseases degree is relative to the high air pollution degree. This is a really strong factor to back up the hypothesis of this thesis.
14. A Study has been done on occupants of six metropoliss of United States to measure the effects of common air pollutants on the hazard of pneumonic and cardiovascular disease. The survey has shown that people populating in the more contaminated metropoliss had a higher hazard of hospitalization and early decease from lung malignant neoplastic disease and other respiratory diseases than those populating in the lupus erythematosus contaminated metropoliss.[ 7 ]
FUTURE TRENDS OF FOSSIL FUEL BURNING IN SI LANKA
15. The Government is traveling to spread out the Sapugaskanda Oil Refinery that would increase its oil bring forthing capacity from 50,000 to 100,000 barrels per twenty-four hours. So that air pollution degree in Sapugaskandha will be increased.
16. Since Crude oil is expected to last another four decennaries, while the Coal militias are said to be sufficient for about another 400 old ages particular policies have been taken in to consideration. In order to provide to future growing, the Electricity Board has planed to put in a mixture of fuel oil and Coal based workss under the Generation Expansion Plan for following 13 old ages. It is expected to hold four Coal workss in the West seashore and power works at Hambantota. At the minute one power works has been set up in Kerawalapitiya. In add-on, several oil based workss are expected to be set up at Kelanitissa, Sapugaskanda and Kerawalapitiya.[ 8 ]Besides the Ministry of Industrial Development has proposed new industrial Estate at Karandeniya, Walapitiya, Bataatha, Apologia, Thambuttegama, Polugaswewa, Mahiyangana Redimaliyadda, Buttala, Bibile, Minuwangoda, and Arachchikattuwa in really late. When those are established maximal safeguards have to be taken for bar of Air Pollution.
FINDING THROUGH QUESTIONNAIRE AND INTERVIEWS
17. During 2nd hebdomad of August 2010 the questionnaire was given to the both trying groups at Mabima and Mandawala. Each group was holding 50 individuals. Harmonizing to the age classs and gender the participants of Mabima country are categorized as follows:
Age Group
Female
Male
Entire
Year 05 – 13
03
05
08
Year 14 – 30
08
07
15
Year 31 – 50
11
09
20
over – 51
05
02
07
Entire
27
23
50
Table 1: Entire Number of Mabima Sample Group.
Beginning: Survey Done by the Researcher in the Month of August 2010.
18. In Mabima country out of 50 participants 17 are respiratory diseases effected patients ( Asthma and Wheezing ) . The gender and age group classification is as follows:
Age Group
Female
Male
Entire
Year 05 – 13
01
02
03
Year 14 – 30
02
01
03
Year 31 – 50
04
03
07
over – 51
03
01
04
Entire
10
07
17
Table 2: Entire Number of Respiratory Diseases Effected Patients in Mabima Sample Group.
Beginning: Survey Done by the Researcher in the Month of August 2010.
19. Out of 17 respiratory diseases affected patients, one tobacco user was found who has to be excluded in this study. There were 33 participants who did non hold respiratory diseases in Mabima country.
20. In Mandalawala country besides 50 Numberss of group was tested and the age and gender differences are as follows:
Age Group
Female
Male
Entire
Year 05 – 13
04
06
10
Year 14 – 30
05
02
07
Year 31 – 50
10
07
17
over – 51
08
08
16
Entire
27
23
50
Table 3: Entire Number of Participants in Mandawala Sample Group.
Beginning: Survey Done by the Researcher in the Month of August 2010.
21. In Mandawala country out of 50 participants, four respiratory diseases affected patients were found. The age and gender diverseness is as follows:
Age Group
Female
Male
Entire
Year 05 – 13
–
–
–
Year 14 – 30
–
–
–
Year 31 – 50
02
–
02
over – 51
01
01
02
Entire
03
01
04
Table 4: Entire Number of Respiratory Diseases Effected Patients in Mandawala Sample Group.
Beginning: Survey Done by the Researcher in the Month of August 2010.
22. There were 46 participants who did non hold respiratory diseases in Mandawala country.
23. In Mabima sample group out of 33 participants who did non hold direct Asthma and wheezing symptoms some other unwellnesss were repotted. Those are:
a. Continuous Fever.
b. Headache.
c. Irritating Eyes.
d. Fainting.
24. Three participants reported Laryngitis and Cough which belong to repertory diseases class.
25. In Mabima sample group, the side effects caused by the Oil Refinery were reported as follows:
a. Breathing troubles during the care period of the refinery due to bad odor.
B. Through out the twenty-four hours a bad odor is coming from the Refinery.
c. Vegetations are severely effected due to toxic gases ( The workss are acquiring dry and burned ) .
d. people are enduring from bad odor emits from an abandon chemical ditch.
e. Children have complained that it is hard to read due to smell and sound.
f. Due to unpleasant odor, people feel bad when they take repasts.
g. There is a belief among the people that some organic structure is died from Cancers due to toxic gases in the country.
h. The land demand has severely gone down due to pollution.
I. Everybody is describing that their dealingss and friends are non sing houses since they feel bad when the gasses come.
J. Carbon Particles from air fell down to their lands and houses. Due to that:
( 1 ) The H2O of the Wellss are acquiring oily spirit, particularly in the rainy season.
( 2 ) Tin sheets of houses are deteriorated.
( 3 ) When fabrics are dried in unfastened country, acquiring dirty.
k. Particularly in showery season it is really much hard to breath.
l. Windows of the houses are acquiring vibrated.
m. Televisions are acquiring vibrated.
n. Walls of the houses are vibrated.
O. Flair column which is closer to Pattivila route remains warmth some times. When the route is used, people feel hot particularly in the forenoon.
p. If a terrorist onslaught or an detonation happens to the Refinery, country with in 500 metres is vulnerable due to fire and toxic gasses. In an exigency people are warned to abandon their houses.
Q. Sound coming from the Refinery is severely affected.
r. Some times human skin feels hot in this environment.
s. Most of them wish to abound their houses if they are given land and houses by the authorities.
t. There is an thought among them, because of the Refinery, disable kids are born.
26. A physician who is practising medical specialty in general country Sapugaskandha was interviewed and purpose was to mensurate the degree of respiratory diseases that he come a crosses in the country. As per his position the degree of patients who come for interventions from him from Oil Refinery country, are really high. Out of these patients most of them were enduring from Cough, Fever, and Asthma, wheezing, Headache and Laryngitis. As per his, adept view the ground behind these jobs is the high degree of toxic gasses in Sapugaskandha country.
27. With his counsel two dispensaries at Sapugaskandha country including his one were visited in four eventides. It was observed that higher figure of patients came to acquire interventions for Cough, Fever, Asthma and Wheezing. Particularly more figure of kids came to acquire intervention for continues Fever. Since I visited many dispensary in other country ( Mandawala, Negombo ) the respiratory diseases rate was seemingly really high in Sapugaskandha.
28. Further more DMO of Kiribathgoda infirmary was interviewed to acquire the information of the respiratory diseases in Sapugaskandha country. But in Kiribathgoda infirmary there were no such inside informations. As per his expert view the toxic gasses which are released by the Oil Refinery does non consequence much to the populace since the gasses are released through really high fume bets to the ambiance. From the day of the month the Oil Refinery was established in 1969, there were no any major studies or protests against the Refinery from the people.
29. Besides 30 pupil officers and soldiers of DSCSC were interviewed in order to acquire their feelings when they expose to the Sapugaskandha ambiance since they are new to the environment from January 2010. It was observed that out of 30 forces, 17 ( 56 per cent ) was experiencing bad with the new environment at the really initial phase. When their first two or three yearss at DSCSC they had Headache. When they came back after long leave once more they were affected to Headache for one or two yearss unlike other working countries. All the people felt bad in showery yearss since the crude oil odor comes.
30. Ten army forces who are employed for Internal Security responsibilities at the Oil Refinery were interviewed in order to acquire an thought of their on the job environment. Out of them four soldiers 40 per cent were experienced weariness when they came back after leave
unlike other working countries. All of them felt bad throughout the twenty-four hours due to toxic gases.
31. The Yoshida Shokanji International School which is located at the west border of the Refinery. This International school is a preschool, where 350 kids are doting. Most of them are in age three and four old ages. Mrs Fernando R V who is the Principle of the school was interviewed and she was asked about the degree of respiratory unwellnesss among kids in the school. As per her position, there was no any unusual state of affairs.
But many parents had reported that when the kids were enduring from Runing Nose their rheum is acquiring black colour. That is because they are exposed to contaminated air during school clip. Furthermore the swimming pool at the school is acquiring oily in most of the forenoons. Children had reported that when they swim, their organic structures are aching. Besides she said that because of the Particulate Matters she was enduring from tegument job as per her doctoraa‚¬a„?s sentiment.
Air ANALYSIS IN SAPUGASKANDHA ARAE
32. When an air analysis of Sapugaskandha country was requested from Center Environment Authority, it was found that the duty of air quality monitoring in Sapugaskandha country is non with them. The latest air quality supervising study in Sapugaskandha country was found which was done by NBRO in twelvemonth 1997 to year2004.[ 9 ]
33. They have collected informations of SO2 and NO2 degrees in Manelwaththa and Gonawela countries really nearer to the Oil Refinery. The mean exposure degree of SO2 and NO2 was monitored at 20 locations in the survey country ( Manelwaththa and Gonawala ) .
34. Average SO2 and NO2 degrees at Gonawala country.
Figure four: Average SO2 and NO2 Levels at Gonawala Area.
Beginning: Air Analysis Report of NBRO.
35. Average SO2 and NO2 degree at Manelwaththa country.
Figure V: Average SO2 and NO2 Level at Manelwaththa Area.
Beginning: Air Analysis Report of NBRO.
36. Spatial fluctuation SO2 degree in Sapugaskandha monitored by inactive Air quality monitoring technique.
Figure six: Spatial Variation of SO2 Level.
Beginning: Air Analysis Report of NBRO.
37. Spatial fluctuation of NO2 degree in Sapugaskandha country monitored by inactive Air quality monitoring technique.
Figure seven: Spatial Variation of NO2 Level.
Beginning: Air Analysis Report of NBRO.
38. By sing this air analysis with regard to NO2 and SO2 at Sapugaskandha, from 1997 to 2004 it is shown that the degrees are increasing. SO2 and NO2 degree are scattered in the country through the twelvemonth.
39. How every when NO2 degree of Sapugaskandha is compared with Colombo metropolitan country, the degree is low. But the degree is bit by bit increasing. It has been already proved that Colombo is enduring really much from unwellnesss in relation to air pollution.
Figure eight: Comparison of NO2 degree between Sapugaskandha and Colombo.
Beginning: Air Analysis Report of NBRO.
40. In this analysis since descriptive statistics has been used to seek the strong relationship between toxic gasses and wellness effects. In one manus wellness state of affairs in Mabima country was statistically tested and on the other manus air quality in the country was analyzed. It is observed that both factors are at proportionately increasing degrees. Hence a strong relationship is proved.
