| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acid | a substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates and turns blue litmus paper red |
| Base | A substance that tastes bitter, feels slippery and turns red litmus paper blue. |
| pH Scale | A range of numbers used to express the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
| Neutralization | A reaction of an acid with a base, yielding a solution that is not as acidic or basic as teh starting solutions were. Yields water and a salt |
| reaction | the transformation of one set of chemical substances into another |
| salt | an ionic compound made from the neutralization of an acid with a base. |
| Wave | A disturbance that transfers energy from place to place |
| vibration | a repeated back and forth or up and down motion |
| longitudinal wave | a wave that move the medium parallel to the direction in which the wave is traveling |
| energy | the ability to do work |
| medium | material through which a wave travels |
| mechanical wave | a wave that requires a medium through which to travel |
| crest | the highest part of a transverse wave |
| transverse wave | a wave that moves the medium in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave travels |
| surface wave | a wave that occurs at the surface between two mediums |
| trough | the lowest part of a transverse wave |
| compression | the part of the longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are close together |
| rarefaction (longitudinal waves) | the part of the longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are farthest apart |
| amplitude | the maximum distance the particles of a medium move away from their rest positions as a wave |
| wavelength | the distance between two corresponding parts of a wave |
| frequency | the number of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time |
| Hertz (Hz) | unit of measurement for frequency |
| Doppler Effect | the apparent change in frequency of a sound as the source moves in relation to the listener |
| reflection | the bouncing back of a wave when it hits a surface that it cannot pass thorugh |
| refraction | the bending of a wave as it passes into a different medium |
| cell | the basic unit of structure and function in living things |
| cell theory | a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things |
| animal cell | a cell that does not have a cell wall and is found in animals |
| plant cell | a cell that has a cell wall and chloroplast |
| organelle | a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within a cell |
| active transport | the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy |
| passive transort | the movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy |
| diffusion | the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane |
| chloroplasts | a structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food. |
| nucleus | a cell structure that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct all of the cell's activities |
| mitochondria | rod-shaped cells structures that produce most of the energy needed to carry out the cell's function |
| photosynthesis | the process by which plants and some other organisms capture the energy in sunlight and use it to make food |
| cell respiration | the process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the energy they contain |
| punnett square | a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross |
| dominant | an allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present |
| recessive | an allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present. Needs two recessive alleles to see the trait. |
| allele | the different forms of a gene |
| trait | a characteristics that an organism can pass on to its offsprings thorough its genes |
| homozygous | having two identical alleles for a trait |
| heterozygous | having two different alleles for a trait |
